When to branch: seasonal control of shoot architecture in trees,The FEBS Journal

Long-lived perennial plants optimize their shoot architecture by responding to seasonal cues. The main strategy used by plants of temperate and boreal regions with respect to surviving the extremely unfavourable conditions of winter comprises the protection of their apical and lateral meristematic tissues. This involves myriads of transcriptional, translational and metabolic changes in the plants because shoot architecture is controlled by multiple pathways that regulate processes such as bud formation and flowering, small RNAs, environmental factors (especially light quality, photoperiod and temperature), hormones, and sugars. Recent studies have begun to reveal how these pathways are recruited for the seasonal adaptation and regulation of shoot architecture in perennial plants, including the role of a regulatory module consisting of antagonistic players terminal flower 1 (TFL1) and like-ap1 (LAP1) in the hybrid aspen. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of the genetic control of shoot architecture in perennials compared to in annuals.

中文翻译：

何时分枝：树木枝条结构的季节性控制

长寿的多年生植物通过响应季节性信号来优化它们的枝条结构。温带和北方地区的植物在极端不利的冬季条件下生存的主要策略包括保护它们的顶端和侧生分生组织。这涉及植物中无数的转录、翻译和代谢变化，因为枝条结构受多种途径控制，这些途径调节芽形成和开花、小 RNA、环境因素（尤其是光质量、光周期和温度）、激素和糖等过程. 最近的研究已经开始揭示这些途径是如何被招募用于多年生植物芽结构的季节性适应和调节的，包括由混合白杨中的拮抗剂末端花 1 (TFL1) 和 like-ap1 (LAP1) 组成的调节模块的作用。在这里，我们回顾了与一年生植物相比，我们对多年生植物芽结构遗传控制的理解的最新进展。

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