Floral asymmetry and predation risk modify pollinator behavior, but only predation risk decreases plant fitness

摘要

Although predators and floral herbivores can potentially decrease plant fitness by changing pollinator behaviors, studies comparing the strength of these factors as well as their additive and interactive effects on pollinator visitation and plant fitness have not been conducted. In this study, we manipulated the floral symmetry and predator presence (artificial crab spiders) on the flowers of the shrub Rubus rosifolius (Rosaceae) in a 2 x 2 factorial randomized block design. We found that asymmetry and predators decreased pollinator visitation (mainly hymenopterans), and overall these factors did not interact (additive effects). The effect of predation risk on pollinator avoidance behavior was 62 % higher than that of floral asymmetry. Furthermore, path analyses revealed that only predation risk cascaded down to plant fitness, and it significantly decreased fruit biomass by 33 % and seed number by 28 %. We also demonstrated that R. rosifolius fitness is indirectly affected by visiting and avoidance behaviors of pollinators. The strong avoidance behavioral response triggered by predation risk may be related to predator pressure upon flowers. Although floral asymmetry caused by herbivory can alter the quality of resources, it should not exert the same evolutionary pressure as that of predator-prey interactions. Our study highlights the importance of considering simultaneous forces, such as predation risk and floral asymmetry, as well as pollinator behavior when evaluating ecological processes involving mutualistic plant-pollinator systems.展开▼

机译：尽管捕食者和花卉食草动物可能通过改变授粉媒介的行为而降低植物的适应性，但尚未进行比较这些因素的强度以及它们对传粉者访视和植物适应性的累加和相互作用影响的研究。在这项研究中，我们以2 x 2阶乘随机区组设计操作了灌木天竺葵（Rosaceae）的花朵上的花对称性和捕食者的存在（人工蟹蜘蛛）。我们发现不对称和捕食者减少了传粉媒介的访视（主要是膜翅目），并且总体而言，这些因素没有相互作用（加性效应）。捕食风险对传粉媒介回避行为的影响比花卉不对称影响高62％。此外，路径分析表明，只有捕食风险会降低到适合植物生长的水平，并且显着降低了果实生物量33％和种子数量28％。我们还证明了玫瑰花苜蓿的适应性受传粉者的走访和回避行为间接影响。掠食风险引发的强烈回避行为反应可能与掠食者对花朵的压力有关。尽管食草引起的花卉不对称会改变资源的质量，但它不应施加与捕食者-猎物相互作用相同的进化压力。我们的研究强调了在评估涉及相互关系的植物-授粉媒介系统的生态过程时，考虑同时发生的作用（如捕食风险和花的不对称性）以及授粉媒介行为的重要性。展开▼

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