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中国北亚热带油橄榄(城固32)开花生物学特性研究

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2024-11-23 10:02

摘要： 为研究北亚热带内陆地区油橄榄（Olea europaea L.）开花物候、开花样式及花器官特征，探讨其有性繁殖系统的特点。试验对西秦岭南坡地区油橄榄（城固32）的开花生物学进行研究，统计开花进程，雄花和两性花在花序上的着生位置和数量，测定雄花和两性花形态指标并切片观察，电镜扫描分析雄花与两性花花粉粒。结果表明：（1）在北亚热带北缘内陆气候条件下油橄榄花期集中在5月，单株花期15~20 d，盛花期持续4~6 d；（2）油橄榄具有雄全同株的性系统且花器官较小，雄花及两性花都具有正常发育的雄蕊。通过制作石蜡切片观察，发现两性花的雌蕊正常发育，而雄花只有较小的子房和败育的柱头；（3）雌蕊是两种花型花器官生物量差异的主要部位，两性花雌蕊的生物量明显比雄花大（P<0.01），树体分化出雄花投入的资源更少；（4）雄花与两性花在花粉量、花粉粒大小上差异不显著，在着生位置上，花序轴顶花全部为两性花，雄花出现在花序轴的中部和基部的几率分别是21.13%和30.77%。油橄榄品种城固32具有典型的雄全同株现象，雄花更倾向于在花序上出现的位置在行使它雄性功能方面并无优势可言，而且雄花花粉粒在数量、活力方面也没有优势，但是雄花的出现增加了花粉数量和P/O值，提高了植株的雄性适合度，雄花的出现也降低了两性花落花导致的树体资源浪费，保障其在资源有限的环境中能够繁殖最大化。

关键词: 油橄榄, 花序, 花器官, 花粉

Abstract: We studied the flowering phenology, sexual system and flowering characters of Olea europaea L.(Chenggu 32) grown in the north subtropical areas of China to explore the characteristics of its sexual reproduction system. We analyzed the flowering biology including the florescence process, flower shape, the position and quantity of male and hermaphrodite flower as well as the pollen morphology of chenggu32 located in the southern slope of West Qinling region. These results indicated that:(1) O.europaea L. flowering phase is concentrated in May under the climatic conditions of tropical inland North. Plant flowering individuals last 15-20 days, while full-blossom period within 4-6 days; (2) O.europaea L. has an andromonoecy sexual system and the flower organ is small. Both the male flower and hermaphrodite flower have normal developing stamens. Based on the morphological observation conventional paraffin sectioning method, the pistil of hermaphrodite flower grow normally, while the pistil of male flowers has the smaller ovary and abortive stigma; (3) The pistil is the major organ for influencing biomass between the two flower types. Compared with male flowers, biomass of hermaphrodite flower is significantly larger than male flower(P<0.01), which needs fewer resources during tree differentiation; (4)There is no significant difference of pollen amount and pollen grains between male and hermaphrodite flower. The hermaphrodite flowers developed on the top of rachis, while male flowers mainly distributed at the base and center of rachis at the ratio of 21.13% and 30.77% respectively. Therefore, Chenggu 32 has typical andromonoecy. As for male flowers of Chenggu32, the location of inflorescence has no advantage for his male function. It also has no superiority about the pollen grain quantity and vitality of male flowers. However, the appearance of male flowers increased the pollen quantity and P/O, and improved the male fitness. It reduced the plant resource waste for the reason of hermaphrodite flowers fallen, thus guaranteeing the maximum breeding in limited environmental resources.

Key words: Olea europaea L., inflorescence, floral organ, pollen

中图分类号:

S565.7