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不同含油量油菜品种的养分吸收积累与利用效率特征

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2026-03-23 17:03

开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：

0 引言

【研究意义】面对复杂的国际形势，提升油料产能是国家的重要战略需求。油菜是我国食用油的主要来源，提升菜籽油产量对维护国家食用油安全具有重要意义[1]。近60年来，新品种的选育推动了我国油菜生产发生了三次革命性飞跃，选育高产、高含油的油菜品种，提升油菜产油量的同时实现养分高效利用是油菜产业绿色可持续发展的重要目标[2-3]。【前人研究进展】近10年来，我国油菜区域试验平均产量为2 584 kg·hm-2，含油量平均为43.1%，产油量与产量和含油量的关系表明，产量每提高1 kg·hm-2产油量增加0.5 kg·hm-2，而含油率每增加1%产油量则增加36.6 kg·hm-2 [4]。提高籽粒含油量是提高产油量的重要措施，目前选育的高含油油菜品种籽粒含油量可高达50%。然而高含油品种获得高产油量一方面要确保产量稳产，另一方面需要发挥高含油量潜能。油菜生长、籽粒产量形成受到供给养分的影响。研究表明，生产1 000 kg油菜籽需要46.0 kg氮（N）、8.0 kg磷（P）和57.1 kg钾（K）[5]。在油菜籽目标产量大于3 000 kg·hm-2时，越冬期氮素积累量需高于50%，生育期内氮素最大积累量高于175 kg·hm-2 [6]。油菜钾素积累规律与氮的相似，在苗期积累量大于其他时期；而磷素积累量在角果期最大[7]。油菜收获指数相对稳定，获得高的菜籽产量需要以高生物量为基础。氮磷钾肥的供应能够显著促进油菜生物量和籽粒产量。然而不同的油菜品种对氮磷钾的需求量及利用效率存在一定的差异[8]。不同特性的油菜对氮磷钾养分的需求也不完全相同，例如相对于移栽油菜，直播油菜更易受到氮素缺乏影响而造成群体的衰减，要获得相同的油菜籽产量直播冬油菜需要更多的氮磷钾养分投入[9]；养分利用效率高的油菜品种，在相同的产量目标下需要投入的养分量更少[7]。对于含油量，氮磷钾养分作用效果并不相同，氮肥施用量的增加并不能促进籽粒含油量增加，反而会降低籽粒含油量[10]。而磷、钾肥的施用对提升油料作物籽粒含油量有一定的促进作用，而过量的磷肥施用会降低油菜籽粒油酸含量导致含油量降低[11⇓-13]。【本研究切入点】为实现高含油量潜能，高含油油菜品种对氮磷钾肥的需求与低含油量品种有何差异鲜有报道。【拟解决的关键问题】因此，本研究拟通过大田和盆栽试验研究高产栽培管理下，高含油油菜品种生长过程中氮磷钾养分需求量及养分利用效率，为实现高含油油菜的高产油潜能和养分的高效利用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

试验于2019年10月至2021年5月连续2年在油菜季采用田间试验与盆栽试验相结合的方式进行。其中2019年10月至2020年5月的田间试验在湖北省黄冈市黄冈农业科学院试验基地（30°43’N，114°88’E）和河南省信阳市光山县北向店乡（32°0’N，114°44’E）开展；2020年9月至2021年5月在河南省信阳市光山县北向店乡开展田间试验，在湖北省武汉市中国农业科学院油料作物研究所进行盆栽试验，供试土壤基础理化性状如

表1

所示。试验采用单因素设计，设置3个主推油菜品种分别为中油杂19（高含油量品种，简称Z19）、华油杂12（常规含油量常规产量对照品种，简称H12）和华油杂62（常规含油量高产对照品种，简称H62）。中油杂19含油量为49.95%，华油杂12与华油杂62的含油量分别为41.49%和41.36%。

表1 试验土壤基础理化性状

Table 1 Basic chemical properties of soil of each experimental site

时间
Time 地点
Site pH 有机质
Organic matter (g·kg-1) 碱解氮
Alkaline hydrolysis N (mg·kg-1) 速效磷
Available P content (mg·kg-1) 速效钾
Available K content (mg·kg-1) 2019-2020 黄冈田间Field at Huanggang 7.5 14.9 75.7 11.84 98.1 信阳田间Field at Xinyang 6.6 25.4 121.1 6.30 326.5 2020-2021 信阳田间 Field at Xinyang 6.2 23.0 125.2 5.41 189.6 武汉盆栽 Pot at Wuhan 8.3 16.9 62.6 3.73 72.7

田间试验中2季各处理氮、磷、钾和硼肥用量相等，分别为180 kg N·hm-2、90 kg P2O5 ·hm-2、120 K2O·hm-2和9 kg·hm-2的硼砂。供试肥料为尿素（含N 46%）、过磷酸钙（含P2O5 12%）、氯化钾（含K2O 60%）、硼砂（含B 11%）。氮肥70%作基肥，30%作越冬肥，磷肥、钾肥和硼砂全部作基肥施用。每个处理3次重复，随机区组排列，小区面积40 m2（长×宽=2 m×20 m）。采用直播方式播种，播种量为6.0 kg·hm-2，均于10月上旬播种。其他生产管理措施均采用当地常规管理方法，保障没有病虫草害的干扰。

盆栽试验种子经1%的双氧水浸泡10 min去离子水洗净后，置于预先铺好2层湿润滤纸的干净培养皿中，在室温（25 ℃）下催芽24 h，露白后播种，每盆播种6粒，两叶一心后每盆定苗2株。各处理氮、磷、钾用量相等，每盆装土9 kg，施肥量为0.25 g N·kg-1土、0.1 g P2O5·kg-1土和0.16g K2O·kg-1土，供试肥料为尿素（含N 46%）、过磷酸钙（含P2O5 12%）和氯化钾（含K2O 60%）；其中尿素为15N标记的粉末状普通尿素，购于上海化工研究院（丰度为10%）。此外每kg土添加1 mL浓度为20 mmol·L-1的硼酸溶液作为硼肥；氮肥80%作为基肥，剩余20%在薹期追施，其他肥料溶于水后点播前加入。各处理20次重复，共计60盆。于2020年10月6日播种，其他栽培管理按常规进行，保障没有病虫草害的干扰。

1.2 植物样品采集与测定

2020—2021年田间试验于苗期（播种后30 d）、越冬期（播种后71 d）、薹期（播种后145 d）、花期（播种后168 d）、角果期（播种后206 d）和成熟期（播种后231 d）利用0.25 m2（50 cm×50 cm）样方采集油菜植株，用铁锹挖松土壤后拔起植株（避免油菜主根折断），植株分为地上部和根系样品，记录生物量，土壤回填平整。盆栽试验于越冬期（播种后65 d）、薹期（播种后130 d）、花期（播种后160 d）、角果期（播种后187 d）和成熟期（播种后208 d）取盆中两株油菜植株，土壤用水浸泡松散后取植株，分地上部和根系样品记录生物量。每个处理3次重复。植株样品分部位烘干磨细过0.5 mm筛后，用H2SO4-H2O2联合消煮，采用全自动凯氏定氮仪（KDY-9820）测定全氮含量，电感等离子发射光谱仪（ICP-OES，Optima 7000 DV，美国）测定磷、钾含量，然后根据各部位生物量加权平均计算植株养分含量。

1.3 氮含量和15N测定

利用IsoPrime100质谱仪，称取200 µg样品于锡囊中，置于1 000 ℃燃烧管（包含银丝、氧化铜和氧化铬）中燃烧后，产生的气体经600 ℃填装线状铜的还原管还原为N2，再经过色谱柱，进入质谱仪测定15N丰度。

1.4 产量收获

油菜成熟后，田间试验各小区单独收获，测定油菜产量；盆栽试验分别收获3盆油菜籽粒，用于评估单株油菜产量。

1.5 油菜籽含油量测定

利用近红外粮油品质分析仪（NYDL-3000），测定分析收获后风干的籽粒油脂含量[14]。

1.6 养分效率与产油效率

养分生理利用效率（kg·kg-1）[15]=植株生物量（kg·hm-2）/植株养分积累量（kg·hm-2）；

养分产油效率（kg·kg-1）=产油量（kg·hm-2）/成熟期植株养分积累量（kg·hm-2）；

氮肥利用率（%）[16]=（样品15N丰度−自然15N丰度）/（尿素15N丰度−自然15N丰度）×氮累积量/肥料氮施入量。

1.7 数据统计分析

试验数据利用Excel软件进行计算处理，采用SPSS 18.0数据处理软件进行数据的统计分析，采用LSD 法检验P<0.05水平上的差异显著性。

2 结果

2.1 油菜产量和产油量

3个油菜品种的产量和含油量在2个生长季及不同地点的变化规律基本一致（

表2

）。Z19的含油量始终显著高于H12和H62，平均高出10.1%—26.7%，而H62与H12的含油量没有显著性差异。Z19油菜籽产量与H12差异不大，比H62低8.5%—20.4%。Z19与H62的产油量没有明显差异，比H12油菜产油量显著高出23.7%—47.7%。2020—2021年在武汉的盆栽试验，油菜籽含油量显著低于3个田间试验，但品种间含油量和籽粒产量差异变化与田间变化规律一致。

表2 两个生长季各试验点油菜产量和产油量

Table 2 The seed yield and oil yield of oilseed rapes at different sites during two growing seasons

时间
Time 地点
Site 品种
Cultivar 含油量
Oil content (%) 产量 Yield1)
(kg·hm-2) (g/plant) 产油量Oil yield
(kg·hm-2) (g/plant) 2019-
2020 信阳田间
Field at Xinyang H12 41.51±1.11 b 2412±66 c 1001±27 b H62 42.05±0.91 b 3031±29 a 1275±28 a Z19 48.70±0.73 a 2772±84 b 1350±20 a 黄冈田间
Field at Huanggang H12 39.86±0.58 b 2789±107 b 1112±43 b H62 40.96±0.82 b 3277±207 a 1342±85 a Z19 50.49±0.85 a 2961±70 ab 1495±35 a 2020-
2021 信阳田间
Field at Xinyang H12 40.31±0.54 b 2256±224 b 909±99 b H62 39.56±0.75 b 3497±200 a 1383±113 a Z19 46.27±2.26 a 2783±291 b 1343±81 a 武汉盆栽
Pot at Wuhan H12 32.32±1.16 b 11.51±0.19 b 3.72±0.05 b H62 33.37±0.81 b 13.74±0.49 a 4.58±0.13 a Z19 37.81±0.40 a 12.16±0.22 b 4.60±0.07 a同一列数据后不同字母表示相同处理下品种差异显著性分析（P<0.05）。1) 田间试验油菜产量与产油量单位为kg·hm-2，盆栽试验为g/株Different lowercases in the same column mean significant difference among different cultivars under same treatment by LSD test (P<0.05). 1) The units of yield and oil yield in field and pot experiment are kg·hm-2 and g/plant, respectively

2.2 主要生育期油菜生物量

以2020—2021年信阳的田间试验和武汉的盆栽试验为对象，研究高含油油菜与常规产量对照和高产对照油菜的生物量积累差异（

图1

）。在田间试验中越冬期后Z19生物量始终低于H62，而盆栽试验中没有显著差异；在花期前Z19的生物量与H12没有显著差异，盆栽试验中角果期Z19的生物量增长幅度大于H12，角果期生物量比H12高出17.6%。成熟期，田间3个品种生物量均有不同程度的降低，其中H12降低幅度最大、Z19其次，因此Z19生物量高于H12，而H62的最高。在盆栽试验中，成熟期Z19生物量显著降低，导致H62生物量高于Z19。3个品种随生育进程推进物质积累规律一致：在苗期油菜生物量积累较慢，在油菜生长约150 d后，薹期和花期干物质迅速积累，角果期达到最大，成熟期稍有下降。

图1 不同油菜品种生物量动态变化A、B分别表示2020—2021生长季信阳田间试验和武汉盆栽试验结果。图2、图3同

Fig. 1 Dynamic biomass changes of different oilseed rapes

A and B represent the results of field trial at Xinyang and pot trial at Wuhan in the 2020-2021 growing season. The same as Fig.2, Fig.3

Full size|PPT slide

2.3 油菜氮磷钾养分含量动态

田间试验3个品种的氮含量在苗期和花期差异较小，越冬期和成熟期Z19氮含量比H12和H62低10%左右（

图2

）；在盆栽试验中，Z19的氮含量始终比华油杂2个品种低，在花期和角果期差异可达16.4%— 26.4%。与氮不同，成熟期3个品种磷含量没有显著差异，但在角果期以前，田间和盆栽试验3个品种差异表现并不一致：田间试验Z19的磷含量相对较高，比H62和H12高出2.0%—21.3%，而盆栽试验中Z19比H62低4.2%—20.4%，在苗期比H12高16.0%。Z19的钾含量相对较高，田间Z19钾含量始终高于H62，苗期、越冬期及角果期分别比H12高12.7%、18.6%和15.7%；盆栽试验中，在角果期和成熟期Z19钾含量高于H62与H12处理。在生育进程中，3个品种的养分含量变化趋势一致：氮素含量逐渐降低；磷含量在生育进程中先有小幅度增加再降低，田间试验在越冬期最高，盆栽试验越冬后薹期仍有小幅度增加；钾含量在油菜生长过程中，呈现逐渐降低的趋势。

图2 生育期内不同油菜品种氮磷钾含量动态变化

Fig. 2 Dynamic N, P, and K concentration changes of different oilseed rapes during growth

Full size|PPT slide

2.4 油菜氮磷钾积累量动态

不同品种之间，Z19苗期后的氮素累积量比H62低19.2%—29.0%，田间Z19与H12的氮素积累量没有明显差异，而盆栽Z19苗期后的氮素积累量比同时期的H12低9.8%—13.1%。苗期后Z19的磷素积累量低于同时期的H62；田间试验中Z19的磷素积累量比同时期的H12高出7.3%—26.6%，在角果期和成熟期差异较为显著，而盆栽中角果期和成熟期Z19与H12的磷素积累量没有显著差异，但在越冬期、薹期和花期分别比H12高出26.6%、28.1%和5.9%。Z19的钾素积累量除花期外均显著高于H12，平均高出7.4%—39.2%，田间试验中Z19的钾素积累量与H62差异不大，盆栽试验角果期和成熟期Z19钾素积累量分别比H62高6.8%和11.4%。3个品种的养分积累量随生育进程推进变化基本一致：氮、钾养分积累量随植株生长而增加，在角果期达到最大，成熟期有不同幅度的降低，田间试验降低幅度大于盆栽试验（

图3

）。田间试验磷素积累量与氮钾相似，而盆栽试验中，成熟期磷素积累量并没有明显下降。

图3 生育期内不同油菜品种氮磷钾累积量动态变化

Fig. 3 Dynamic N, P, and K accumulation rate changes of different oilseed rapes during growth

Full size|PPT slide

2.5 成熟期氮磷钾养分生理利用效率及产油效率

3个品种磷素生理利用效率没有明显差异，氮钾生理利用效率差异明显（

表3

）。Z19的氮素生理利用效率比H12与H62高10.0%—20.2%，而钾素生理利用效率比H12的低8.5%—13.3%，比H62低8.6%—21.9%。Z19的氮素产油效率显著高于H12与H62，平均高出36.8%；而钾素产油效率与H62和H12没有明显差异。田间试验和盆栽试验Z19的磷素产油效率比H12高19.5%和22.1%，盆栽试验中比H62高20.3%，华油杂系列两个品种氮磷钾养分的产油效率没有显著差异。

表3 不同品种成熟期养分产油效率

Table 3 Nutrient oil production efficiency of different cultivars at maturity stage

地点
Site 品种
Cultivar 生理利用效率
Nutrient utilization efficiency (kg·kg-1) 产油效率
Nutrient oil production efficiency (kg·kg-1) N P K N P K 信阳田间
Field at Xinyang H12 59.4±0.9b 441.0±8.8a 65.2±0.3b 5.83±0.16b 43.28±0.95b 6.41±0.33b H62 60.0±0.7b 480.0±7.4a 76.3±0.4a 6.14±0.42b 49.16±3.53ab 7.81±0.46a Z19 71.4±0.9a 440.6±5.9a 59.6±0.2c 8.38±0.14a 51.72±0.86a 7.00±0.26ab 武汉盆栽
Pot at Wuhan H12 71.7±0.8b 665.8±11.1a 76.0±0.5a 7.26±0.11b 67.49±0.57b 7.71±0.24a H62 66.4±0.3b 612.1±6.2a 72.4±1.2ab 7.43±0.10b 68.47±0.39b 8.10±0.35a Z19 78.9±0.7a 663.3±8.7a 65.9±1.4b 9.81±0.17a 82.40±0.87a 8.20±0.43a

2.6 油菜氮肥利用率差异

利用盆栽试验，通过15N标记研究3个品种对氮肥利用率的差异，结果表明（

表4

），不同品种在越冬期和薹期的氮肥利用率没有显著差异，但花后氮肥利用率差异显著。花期Z19的氮肥利用率与H12没有显著差异，但比H62显著低17.3%；角果期Z19的氮肥利用率比H12和H62分别低12.6%和26.5%；成熟期Z19氮肥利用率没有明显的降低，H62和H12分别降低了15.9%和6.8%，但Z19的氮肥利用率比H12和H62分别低5.8%和12.1%。3个品种的氮肥利用效率在生长过程中变化规律基本一致：随植株生长，植株的氮肥利用率增加，在花期氮肥利用率最高可达70.6%，然而在角果期，氮肥利用率大幅度下降，成熟期氮肥利用效率低于角果期。不同品种吸收的氮来自于肥料的比例差异不大，表明不同品种吸收氮对15N并没有偏好。

表4 生长进程中不同油菜品种氮肥利用率

Table 4 The N fertilizer use efficiency during growth of different oilseed rape cultivars

品种
Cultivar 氮肥利用率 N fertilizer use efficiency (%) 肥料氮/土壤氮 The ratio of N derived from fertilizer to soil 越冬期Overwintering 薹期
Bolting 花期 Flowering 角果期 Podding 成熟期Maturity 越冬期Overwintering 薹期
Bolting 花期 Flowering 角果期 Podding 成熟期
Maturity H12 39.0±2.8a 53.3±0.2a 62.9±2.4b 42.8±1.5b 39.9±0.4ab 2.66±0.16a 2.32±0.05a 2.35±0.04a 2.11±0.04a 1.78±0.04a H62 39.4±0.7a 52.8±0.9a 70.6±0.3a 50.9±1.0a 42.8±0.9a 2.32±0.05b 2.27±0.09a 2.31±0.01a 2.12±0.09a 1.78±0.05a Z19 37.4±2.7a 52.2±1.2a 58.4±2.6b 37.4±0.9c 37.6±0.3b 2.31±0.12b 2.34±0.07a 2.19±0.03b 2.09±0.09a 1.76±0.05a

3 讨论

3.1 品种钾素需求差异对含油量的影响

在本试验中H62与Z19的钾素积累量没有明显差异，但H62钾含量显著低于Z19。Z19钾含量和积累量在角果期和成熟期均显著高于H12，结合Z19的钾素生理利用效率低于H62与H12，而钾素产油效率与H12和H62没有显著差异，表明高含油量的Z19对钾素的需求高于H12和H62。这与通过meta分析总结钾肥的施用能够促进油料作物种子含油量增加的报道一致[17]，表明与低含油量品种相比，高含油量品种需要更多的钾。值得注意的是，3个品种的钾积累量在花期以前差异相对较小，生殖生长阶段开始差异显著，尤其是在角果期。籽粒产量的60%—70%来自于角果皮的光合产物的积累[18-19]。钾营养对韧皮部装载同化物具有重要作用，能够促进碳水化合物的转移[20]。在盛铃期补施钾肥能有效地增加棉铃数和棉铃重，促进籽棉产量提高9%左右[21]。在水稻穗肥中添加钾肥，促进叶片中的可溶性糖向籽粒器官转运，增加水稻籽实器官的淀粉合成和籽粒的充实度[22-23]。与钾肥一次性基施相比，等量的钾肥分基施和水稻幼穗分化期追施可促进产量提高3%左右[24]。蔗糖通过韧皮部运输到种子中成为油脂生物合成的物质基础。增施钾肥能够促进油菜角果皮中蔗糖磷酸合成酶、籽粒的蔗糖合成酶和磷脂酸磷酸酶（phosphatidate phosphatase）的活性[25-26]。磷脂酸磷酸酶催化磷脂酸水解形成二酰甘油，进而被催化形成甘油三酯，种子内质网中的甘油三酯与油体蛋白结合生成油体储存在种子中[27]。这可能部分地解释了高含油量品种在角果期需要更多钾养分的原因，然而钾调控含油量的机制还需要进一步研究。

3.2 品种氮素需求差异对含油量的影响

氮是构成生命体的重要元素，氮素缺乏会影响植株生长，显著降低作物生物量和产量。油菜对氮素的需求量较大，要获得高产，薹期前要积累充足的氮素，培养壮苗[6]。氮肥用量增加，显著促进叶面积增加和叶片光合速率，植株叶面积指数增加，促进植株构型和冠层的生长[28]。在本研究中苗期和薹期Z19的氮肥利用率与H62和H12没有显著差异。高含油量品种生育前期需要充足的氮素营养以打下稳产的物质基础。然而从花期开始Z19的氮肥利用率显著低于H62和H12（

表4

），且氮素积累量与H62（田间与盆栽）和H12（盆栽）（

图3

）的差距增大。薹期后随叶片脱落角果皮逐渐成为主要的光合器官，植株养分向角果转移[29-30]。氮含量增加，氨基酸代谢增强，促进蛋白质的合成[15,31]。施氮量增加稻谷和小麦籽粒中蛋白质含量增加[32-33]。油料作物籽粒中主要含有蛋白质、油脂和淀粉，籽粒中蛋白质含量增加会降低油脂的含量[34-35]。GHAFOOR等[36]研究表明，氮肥施用量增加导致半矮秆和高秆基因型油菜的籽粒蛋白质含量增加，而脂肪酸生物合成所需的糖降低，从而导致籽粒脂肪酸的比例降低，影响含油量。随施氮量增加，油菜籽粒中对人体较为有益的亚油酸含量降低，而饱和脂肪酸和亚麻酸含量增加[10,36 -37]，导致菜籽油品质下降。因此提高籽粒含油量需要降低蛋白质含量，控制氮素投入。

综上所述，高含油量品种苗期和薹期对氮素需求量与普通含油量品种无明显差异；花后对氮素的需求量降低，而对钾素的需求量高于普通含油量品种。虽然本研究选用的高含油和普通含油量品种较少具有一定的局限性，但是氮钾营养对含油量的影响具有共性。在高含油油菜生产中，在苗期氮肥田间管理与普通高产油菜相同，但在后期追肥中可适当降低施氮量，在花期可适当喷施钾肥，以达到保产促油增效的目的。

4 结论

高含油品种中油杂19的生物量和氮素需求量低于普通含油量高产品种华油杂62；花后对钾的需求量高于普通含油量常规产量品种华油杂12；中油杂19对磷素的需求量与华油杂12和华油杂62无显著的差异。中油杂19的氮素生理利用效率和产油效率均显著高于华油杂12和华油杂62，钾肥生理利用效率低于华油杂12和华油杂62，但钾素产油效率没有显著差异。高含油量油菜品种在花后需要更多的钾营养，与高产品种相比，高含油品种对氮素的需求量相对较低。

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王汉中, 殷艳. 我国油料产业形势分析与发展对策建议. 中国油料作物学报, 2014, 36(3): 414-421.

摘要

在当前我国食用植物油对外依存度居高不下的严峻形势下，本文通过对世界及我国油料产需及贸易形势进行分析，明确了当前我国油料产业发展存在的主要问题，针对存在的问题从政策、技术等方面提出了相应的对策建议。

WANG H Z

YIN Y

. Analysis and strategy for oil crop industry in China. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 2014, 36(3): 414-421. (in Chinese)

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王汉中. 我国油菜产业发展的历史回顾与展望. 中国油料作物学报, 2010, 32(2): 300-302.

摘要

本文在分析了我国食用植物油供给形势、油菜产业在食用植物油供给中的地位的基础上，对我国油菜产业的发展历史进行了回顾，提出在新的历史时期必须推动以“三高”（“高油、高产、高效”）为标志的我国油菜产业发展的第四次飞跃来应对新的挑战。

WANG H Z

. Review and future development of rapeseed industry in China. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 2010, 32(2): 300-302. (in Chinese)

{{custom_index}1}https://doi.org/{{custom_ref.nian}7}https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/{{custom_ref.nian}3}{{custom_ref.citedCount}9}本文引用 [{{custom_ref.citedCount}0}]摘要{{custom_ref.citationList}8}[3]

范成明, 田建华, 胡赞民, 王珏, 吕慧颖, 葛毅强, 魏珣, 邓向东, 张蕾颖, 杨维才. 油菜育种行业创新动态与发展趋势. 植物遗传资源学报, 2018, 19(3): 447-454.

摘要

油菜是我国重要的油料作物,常年种植面积约1亿亩,每年可生产约450万t菜籽油,占国内植物油总消费量的19.7%。与发达国家相比,我国油菜产业主要问题是产量低,品质差,年进口油菜籽约500万t。油菜基因组测序的完成,极大地推动了油菜育种行业的科研工作。据统计(Web of Science检索),2017年与油菜育种相关的SCI论文共有728篇,其中完全由中国学者完成的181篇,与其他国家合作完成的62篇,合计约占全世界的33.38%,但高水平论文数量还有待提高。2017年的研究进展主要集中在油菜籽油含量及品质、油菜籽产量、基因组驯化、雄性不育、非生物胁迫及抗病育种等方面。这些成果将积极地推动油菜育种产业的高产、优质及多元化发展,为我国油菜分子设计育种的实现提供了重要的理论基础。

FAN C M

TIAN J H

HU Z M

WANG J

LÜ H Y

GE Y Q

WEI X

DENG X D

ZHANG L Y

YANG W C

. Advances of oilseed rape breeding. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 2018, 19(3): 447-454. (in Chinese)

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徐春, 胡权, 杜才富, 侯艳, 赵继献. 甘蓝型油菜的产油量分析. 作物研究, 2021, 35(4): 355-360.

XU C

HU Q

DU C F

HOU Y

ZHAO J X

. Analysis of oil production in Brassica napus L. Crop Research, 2021, 35(4): 355-360. (in Chinese)

{{custom_citation.doi}1}https://doi.org/{{custom_citation.doi}7}https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/{{custom_citation.doi}3}{{custom_citation.doi}9}本文引用 [{{custom_citation.doi}0}]摘要{{custom_citation.pmid}8}[5]REN T

ZOU J

WANG Y

LI X K

CONG R H

LU J W

. Estimating nutrient requirements for winter oilseed rape based on QUEFTS analysis. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 2016, 154(3): 425-437.

Estimating crop nutrient requirements for winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is a crucial step in optimizing fertilization to enhance seed yield and improve fertilizer use efficiency. In the present paper, a database composed of 1035 on-farm observations collected from 2005 to 2010 across the major winter oilseed rape production regions in China was used to evaluate internal nutrient efficiencies (kg seed per kg nutrient in plant dry matter); then the Quantitative Evaluation of the Fertility of Tropical Soils (QUEFTS) model for winter oilseed rape was developed to describe the nutrient uptake-yield relationship of oilseed rape over a wide range of environmental conditions and predict the nutrient requirements for a target yield. After excluding observations with low harvest index values, <0·20, and excluding 0·025 of the highest and lowest internal nutrient efficiencies, the minimum and maximum internal nutrient efficiencies were estimated as 13·1 and 31·6 kg seed/kg nitrogen (N), 68·9 and 200·3 kg seed/kg phosphorus (P) and 8·9 and 31·1 kg seed/kg potassium (K), respectively. On the basis of the data settings, the balanced N, P and K uptake at different yield potential levels was calculated using a linear–parabolic–plateau curve with the QUEFTS model. Crop nutrient requirements increased linearly until the yield reached approximately 0·60–0·70 of the potential yield, and 46·0 kg N, 8·0 kg P and 57·1 kg K were found to be needed to produce 1000 kg of seed. The corresponding internal nutrient efficiencies were 21·8, 125·1 and 17·5 kg seed/kg N, P and K, respectively. However, when the target yields approached the yield potential, a decrease in internal nutrient efficiencies was detected in the model. The predicted nutrient requirement values simulated by the QUEFTS model compared well with observed values across a range of conditions. To conclude, the QUEFTS model was shown to be a practical and robust tool for assessing the crop nutrient requirements of winter oilseed rape.

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刘秋霞. 氮肥施用调控直播冬油菜产量构成因子的机制研究[D]. 武汉: 华中农业大学, 2020.

LIU Q X

. Study on the mechanism of yield components of direct-sown oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) under regulation of nitrogen fertilizer[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2020. (in Chinese)

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摘要

【目的】了解高产直播冬油菜的养分吸收和利用规律。【方法】高产栽培条件下，在冬油菜整个生育期内定期取样，测定油菜各部位干物质量和养分含量，计算各生育时期氮、磷、钾养分积累量，明确甘蓝型冬油菜在4 500 kg•hm-2产量条件下的干物质积累及氮、磷、钾养分吸收利用规律。【结果】直播冬油菜总干物质积累呈“S”形曲线，表现为薹花期＞苗期＞角果成熟期。根、茎、绿叶、落叶的干物质量分别在播种后185、200、130、230 d达最大值，干物质量分别为2 286、5 450、2 306、2 162 kg•hm-2。各器官氮含量（籽粒除外）随生育时期的推进逐渐降低，苗期变化平缓，蕾薹期后降幅较大。茎、绿叶中磷含量苗期略有上升，蕾薹期后迅速降低。根、落叶、角壳中磷含量则持续下降。根、茎中钾含量在苗期波动较大，蕾薹期后迅速降低。叶片中钾含量在苗期略有降低，其后一直稳定。落叶中钾含量一直波动变化，无明显规律。氮、钾的积累规律相似，出苗后持续增加，花期达最大值，而后略有下降，两者积累量均表现为苗期＞蕾薹期＞花期。整个生育期磷积累量持续上升，表现为角果期＞苗期＞薹花期。高产栽培条件下直播油菜N、P、K最大养分需求量分别为217.6、39.9、219.8 kg•hm-2，需求比例为1.00﹕0.18﹕1.01。【结论】除落叶和生殖器官外，各器官干物质积累量、养分含量、养分积累量均呈现苗期升高花期后降低的变化趋势。根、茎、叶中的部分养分在花期后会转移到籽粒中，保证直播冬油菜花期前充足的养分供给是高产的前提。

LIU X W

LU J W

LI X K

BU R Y

LIU B

, CIDAN. Dry matter accumulation and N, P, K absorbtion and utilization in direct seeding winter oilseed (Brassica napus L.). Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(23): 4823-4832. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.23.008. (in Chinese)

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刘秀秀, 鲁剑巍, 王寅, 张洋洋, 汪洋, 刘涛, 任涛, 李小坤, 丛日环. 氮磷钾肥施用对油菜产量及养分吸收利用的影响. 中国油料作物学报, 2014, 36(4): 483-488.

摘要

为油菜科学施肥提供依据，利用当前推广的6个油菜品种秦优11号（QY11）、中农油2008（ZNY2008）、中油杂11号（ZYZ11）、湘油17（XY17）、浙油601（ZY601）和沪油杂1号（HYZ1），在大田试验条件下研究了氮、磷、钾肥施用对油菜产量及氮、磷、钾素吸收利用的影响，并比较了不同品种对施肥响应的差异。结果显示，相同施肥处理下不同品种籽粒产量差异显著，不施N（PKB）、不施P（NKB）、不施K（NPB）及NPK全施（NPKB）处理下品种间最大差异分别为385、244、759和720kg/hm2，变异系数分别为18.1%、25.5%、16.4%和11.0%。氮、磷、钾施用可显著提高各品种产量和相应养分积累量，NPKB处理相比PKB、NKB及NPB处理分别增产1 101～2 012、1 681～2 459和293～1 567kg/hm2，N、P、K积累量分别增加63.0～113.2、17.2～23.8和94.1～166.3kg/hm2。不同品种氮、磷、钾肥利用率也存在显著差异。同一品种对氮、磷、钾的响应一致，其中秦优11号对氮、磷、钾肥施用的敏感程度均大于其它品种，湘油17耐低氮、低磷和低钾的能力均高于其它品种。

LIU X X

LU J W

WANG Y

ZHANG Y Y

WANG Y

LIU T

REN T

LI X K

CONG R H

. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers on seed yield and nutrient uptake and utilization of rapeseed. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 2014, 36(4): 483-488. (in Chinese)

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王寅. 直播和移栽冬油菜氮磷钾肥施用效果的差异及机理研究[D]. 武汉: 华中农业大学, 2014.

WANG Y

. Study on the different responses to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers and the mechanism between direct sown and transplanted winter oilseed rape[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2014. (in Chinese)

{{custom_ref.id}6}https://doi.org/{{custom_ref.id}2}https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/{{custom_ref.citedCount}8}{{custom_ref.citedCount}4}本文引用 [{{custom_citationIndex}5}]摘要{{custom_ref.citationList}3}[10]

宋毅, 李静, 谷贺贺, 陆志峰, 廖世鹏, 李小坤, 丛日环, 任涛, 鲁剑巍. 氮肥用量对冬油菜籽粒产量和品质的影响. 作物学报, 2023, 49(7): 2002-2011.

SONG Y

LI J

GU H H

LU Z F

LIAO S P

LI X K

CONG R H

REN T

LU J W

. Effects of application of nitrogen on seed yield and quality of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(7): 2002-2011. (in Chinese)

{{custom_ref.citationList}1}https://doi.org/{{custom_ref.bodyP_ids}7}https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/{{custom_ref.bodyP_ids}3}{{custom_ref.id}9}本文引用 [{{custom_ref.id}0}]摘要{{custom_citation.annotation}8}[11]

邹娟, 鲁剑巍, 李银水, 吴江生, 陈防. 氮、磷、钾、硼肥对甘蓝型油菜籽品质的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2008, 14(5): 961-968.

ZOU J

LU J W

LI Y S

WU J S

CHEN F

. Effects of N, P, K and B fertilization on quality of Brassica napus. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2008, 14(5): 961-968. (in Chinese)

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闫金垚, 宋毅, 陆志峰, 任涛, 鲁剑巍. 磷肥用量对油菜籽产量及品质的影响. 作物学报, 2023, 49(6): 1668-1677.

摘要

油菜是重要的油料作物, 对缺磷敏感, 我国油菜主产区土壤供磷状况较差, 缺磷常导致油菜籽减产。于2019—2021年度2季在长江中游地区进行磷肥用量田间试验, 设置0、45、90、135和180 kg P2O5 hm-2 5个施磷水平, 探究磷营养供应状况同时对油菜籽产量和品质的影响。结果表明, 施磷显著增加油菜单株角果数、角粒数和千粒重, 进而增加了油菜产量。不施磷处理的平均产量仅190 kg hm-2, 施磷增产8.5~12.5倍, 根据产量效应得到的最高产量施磷量为51.8~65.0 kg P2O5 hm-2。油菜籽磷含量、含水率、含油率、蛋白质、硫甙、油酸、亚麻酸和硬脂酸对磷肥用量的响应均达到极显著水平, 芥酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸的响应较小。随着施磷量的增加, 油菜籽含油率呈先增后降的趋势(施磷90 kg P2O5 hm-2和135 kg P2O5 hm-2最高), 蛋白质含量呈缓慢升高趋势, 硫甙含量显著降低。在磷肥投入量为90~135 kg P2O5 hm-2时获得最大油分产量和蛋白质产量。过量的磷肥施用会降低油菜籽的油酸含量, 提高了亚麻酸含量。通径分析表明, 籽粒磷含量、含油率和亚麻酸含量对产量有较大的直接正作用, 含水率、蛋白质和亚麻酸通过籽粒磷含量对产量有较大的间接正作用, 硫甙、油酸、亚油酸和硬脂酸通过籽粒磷含量对产量有较大的间接负作用。综合结果显示, 以油菜籽产量和食用油品质为目标的推荐磷肥用量为45~90 kg P2O5 hm-2, 以追求饲用饼粕蛋白质产量为目标, 推荐磷肥用量为90~135 kg P2O5 hm-2。

YAN J Y

SONG Y

LU Z F

REN T

LU J W

. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer rate on rapeseed yield and quality (Brassica napus L.). Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(6): 1668-1677. (in Chinese)

{{custom_citation.annotation}1}https://doi.org/{{custom_citation.annotation}7}https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/{{custom_citation.annotation}3}{{custom_citation.annotation}9}本文引用 [{{custom_citation.annotation}0}]摘要{{fundList_cn}8}[13]ROGÉRIO F

DA SILVA T R B

DOS SANTOS J I

POLETINE J P

. Phosphorus fertilization influences grain yield and oil content in crambe. Industrial Crops and Products, 2013, 41: 266-268.

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智文良, 信晓阳, 崔建民, 胡胜武, 张文, 李培武. 一种国产近红外仪分析油菜籽三种品质参数. 中国油料作物学报, 2012, 34(3): 305-310.

摘要

利用中国农业科学院油料作物研究所研制的NYDL-3000智能型多参数粮油品质速测仪分析了油菜籽含油量、硫甙和芥酸含量，测定结果与传统化学方法进行了比较，其中含油量结果与PC-120核磁共振仪和MATRIX-I傅立叶变换近红外光谱仪做验证。内部交叉验证结果显示：含油量、硫甙和芥酸含量的决定系数R2分别为0.954 3、0.985 3和0.982 3，均方差分别为0.0469 、0.419 8和0.160 4，T检验显示三种品质参数交叉验证集的近红外光谱法（NYDL-3000）预测值和化学值差异均不显著。外部检验结果表明：硫甙含量、含油量两种方法测定值的相关系数分别为0.837 6和0.951 7，平均绝对误差分别为7.54％和0.02％，均在平均绝对误差允许的范围之内；成对数据双尾t检验表明，近红外光谱法和化学法两者结果差异不显著。芥酸分析中，NYDL-3000将342份样品中3份低芥酸材料判定为高芥酸，近红外光谱法和化学法两者结果符合率达99.12%。含油量的测定结果显示：NYDL-3000和PC-120、MATRIX-I结果的相关系数分别为0.956 6和0.901 5，平均绝对误差分别为0.78％和3.06％。研究结果表明，利用NYDL-3000智能型多参数粮油品质速测仪所建立的品质模型可以满足油菜育种对早代材料芥酸、硫甙含量和含油量的快速测定要求。

ZHI W L

XIN X Y

CUI J M

HU S W

ZHANG W

LI P W

. Determination of three major quality parameters of rapeseed with near infrared analyzer NYDL-3000. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 2012, 34(3): 305-310. (in Chinese)

FAN X R

MILLER A J

. Plant nitrogen assimilation and use efficiency. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2012, 63: 153-182.

Crop productivity relies heavily on nitrogen (N) fertilization. Production and application of N fertilizers consume huge amounts of energy, and excess is detrimental to the environment; therefore, increasing plant N use efficiency (NUE) is essential for the development of sustainable agriculture. Plant NUE is inherently complex, as each step-including N uptake, translocation, assimilation, and remobilization-is governed by multiple interacting genetic and environmental factors. The limiting factors in plant metabolism for maximizing NUE are different at high and low N supplies, indicating great potential for improving the NUE of current cultivars, which were bred in well-fertilized soil. Decreasing environmental losses and increasing the productivity of crop-acquired N requires the coordination of carbohydrate and N metabolism to give high yields. Increasing both the grain and N harvest index to drive N acquisition and utilization are important approaches for breeding future high-NUE cultivars.

摘要

【目的】在氮磷钾合理供应前提下，研究华北平原冬小麦肥料氮的去向。【方法】采用微区试验的方法，供给小麦高丰度的15N，在小麦收获时，测定15N的去向。【结果】冬小麦吸收的氮素来自肥料的比例为26.6%—  33.6%，对土壤氮的依赖程度在66%以上。肥料氮施入土壤后，小麦当季利用率为22.1%—32.4%，当季肥料氮的土壤残留率约占施氮量的29.6%—56.3%，其中60.3%—76.5%集中在0—40 cm土层，在土壤剖面中的残留率随土层深度增加而迅速降低。【结论】小麦生育期吸收的氮素66%以上来自土壤，氮肥当季平均利用率为28.2%，约40%的肥料残留在土壤中，成为土壤氮库的补充。

ZUO H J

BAI Y L

LU Y L

WANG L

WANG H

WANG Z Y

. Fate of fertilizer nitrogen applied to winter wheat in North China plain based on high abundance of 15N. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2012, 45(15): 3093-3099. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.15.010. (in Chinese)

谷贺贺, 李静, 张洋洋, 李小坤, 丛日环, 任涛, 鲁剑巍. 钾肥与我国主要作物品质关系的整合分析. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(10): 1749-1757.

GU H H

LI J

ZHANG Y Y

LI X K

CONG R H

REN T

LU J W

. Meta-analysis of the relationship between potassium fertilizer and the quality of main crops in China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(10): 1749-1757. (in Chinese)

ROBERTS J A

WAGSTAFF C

. The role of the pod in seed development: strategies for manipulating yield. New Phytologist, 2011, 190(4): 838-853.

Pods play a key role in encapsulating the developing seeds and protecting them from pests and pathogens. In addition to this protective function, it has been shown that the photosynthetically active pod wall contributes assimilates and nutrients to fuel seed growth. Recent work has revealed that signals originating from the pod may also act to coordinate grain filling and regulate the reallocation of reserves from damaged seeds to those that have retained viability. In this review we consider the evidence that pods can regulate seed growth and maturation, particularly in members of the Brassicaceae family, and explore how the timing and duration of pod development might be manipulated to enhance either the quantity of crop yield or its nutritional properties.© 2011 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2011 New Phytologist Trust.

LI R J

ZHAN G M

LIU J

LI J

WANG X F

LIU G H

WANG H Z

. Maternal control of seed oil content in Brassica napus: the role of silique wall photosynthesis. The Plant Journal, 2012, 69(3): 432-444.

HUSTED S

LAURSEN K H

PERSSON D P

SCHJOERRING J K

. The molecular-physiological functions of mineral macronutrients and their consequences for deficiency symptoms in plants. New Phytologist, 2021, 229(5): 2446-2469.

The visual deficiency symptoms developing on plants constitute the ultimate manifestation of suboptimal nutrient supply. In classical plant nutrition, these symptoms have been extensively used as a tool to characterise the nutritional status of plants and to optimise fertilisation. Here we expand this concept by bridging the typical deficiency symptoms for each of the six essential macronutrients to their molecular and physiological functionalities in higher plants. We focus on the most recent insights obtained during the last decade, which now allow us to better understand the links between symptom and function for each element. A deep understanding of the mechanisms underlying the visual deficiency symptoms enables us to thoroughly understand how plants react to nutrient limitations and how these disturbances may affect the productivity and biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems. A proper interpretation of visual deficiency symptoms will support the potential for sustainable crop intensification through the development of new technologies that facilitate automatised management practices based on imaging technologies, remote sensing and in-field sensors, thereby providing the basis for timely application of nutrients via smart and more efficient fertilisation.© 2020 The Authors New Phytologist © 2020 New Phytologist Foundation.

李伶俐, 马宗斌, 张东林, 杜远仿, 房卫平, 谢德意. 盛铃期补施钾肥对不同群体棉花光合特性和产量品质的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12(5): 662-666.

LI L L

MA Z B

ZHANG D L

DU Y F

FANG W P

XIE D Y

. Effects of applying potassium fertilizer at peak bolling stage on cotton photosynthetic characteristics and its yield and quality under different population. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2006, 12(5): 662-666. (in Chinese)

王旭东, 于振文, 王东. 钾对小麦旗叶蔗糖和籽粒淀粉积累的影响. 植物生态学报, 2003, 27(2): 196-201.

摘要

利用冬小麦品种‘鲁麦22’(Triticum aestivum cv. `Lumai 22’)在大田条件下研究了钾素对小麦旗叶蔗糖和籽粒淀粉积累及其有关酶活性的影响。结果表明，钾素有利于提高旗叶光合速率，增强开花后旗叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性，提高旗叶中蔗糖的含量；从而提高了灌浆期间籽粒中蔗糖的供应，增强了籽粒中蔗糖合成酶和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶的活性，加速了淀粉积累速率，提高了粒重和产量。

WANG X D

YU Z W

WANG D

. Effect of potassium on sucrose content of flag leaves and starch accumulation of kernels in wheat. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2003, 27(2): 196-201. (in Chinese)

LIU J X

WANG W M

YE Z Q

LUO A C

. Potassium internal use efficiency relative to growth vigor, potassium distribution, and carbohydrate allocation in rice genotypes. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2004, 27(5): 837-852.

王朋, 刘洪伏, 孙杰. 不同钾肥用量和运筹方式对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响. 安徽农学通报, 2018, 24(18): 79, 82.

WANG P

LIU H F

SUN J

. Effects of different potassium fertilizer dosage and operation mode on rice yield and its components. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2018, 24(18): 79, 82. (in Chinese)

唐湘如, 官春云. 施钾对油菜酶活性的影响及其与产量品质的关系. 中国农学通报, 2001, 17(3): 4-7, 35.

TANG X R

GUAN C Y

. Effects of K supply on activities of several enzymes in the oilseed rape and their relationships to the yield and quality. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2001, 17(3): 4-7, 35. (in Chinese)

朱明玉, 康玉洁, 蒲海涛. 施钾量对花生脂肪形成关键酶活性的影响. 现代农业科技, 2017(20): 9-10.

ZHU M Y

KANG Y J

PU H T

. Effect of potassium application rate on activities of key enzymes in peanut fat formation. Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, 2017(20): 9-10. (in Chinese)

范世航, 刘念, 华玮. 油料作物油脂合成调控研究进展. 中国油料作物学报, 2021, 43(3): 361-375.

FAN S H

LIU N

HUA W

. Research advances in the biosynthesis and regulation of lipid in oil crops. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 2021, 43(3): 361-375. (in Chinese)

<div align="justify">      Vegetable oil is not only the main source of edible oil but also an important renewable biofuel for nproduction and industry for humans. Thus, it is of great scientific significance and application value to elucidate the mechanism of the biosynthesis and regulation of oil in plants, which can improve the content and composition of vegetable oil. In this review, the biosynthesis of plant oil and the progress of genetic research on oil syntheses such as maternal effect, QTL, and GWAS were summarized to uncover the mechanism of lipid accumulation of oil cropsMeanwhile, we summed up the well-known genes that participate in lipid biosynthesis and regulation. This paper was expected to shed light on current research status in this field, provide an important reference to the further understanding of the regulation of oil crops lipid biosynthesis, and to give a better theoretical basis to oil crops molecular improvement and genetic breeding.<br></div><br>

PAN Y H

LU Z F

REN T

LU J W

. Canopy light and nitrogen distribution are closely related to nitrogen allocation within leaves in Brassica napus L. Field Crops Research, 2020, 258: 107958.

胡文诗, 孟凡金, 李静, 陆志峰, 任涛, 鲁剑巍. 不同钾肥用量对冬油菜主要光合器官演替的影响. 中国油料作物学报, 2021, 43(5): 843-850.

HU W S

MENG F J

LI J

LU Z F

REN T

LU J W

. Effects of potassium application rates on succession of main photosynthetic organs in oilseed rape. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 2021, 43(5): 843-850. (in Chinese)

For high yield and better understanding of potassium (K) effect, succession and photosynthetic capacity of rapeseed photosynthetic organs (leaves and siliques) were investigated by field experiment in 2018-2019. The dynamic changes of leaf area index (LAI) and pod wall area index (PAI) were explored under different K application rates. Results showed that the LAI gradually increased with growth, and reached to the maximum (3.4-4.8) at flowering stage and then rapidly decreased, whilst the PAI was increased steeply. Under the same treatments, the maximum PAI was equivalent to that of the LAI. The effects of K application rates on LAI and PAI were consistent. Both LAI and PAI were increased with K application rates. But PAI/LAI was not affected by K application. During the growth stages, photosynthetic rates were increased with K rates until exceeding to 120 kg/hm2. At the daytime, photosynthetic rates in the noon were enhanced obviously with K application rates. K fertilizer alleviated the ‘midday depression’ during the overwintering period. LAI, PAI and photosynthetic rates were significantly related to seed yield. Application of K fertilizer significantly increased the photosynthetic area and capacity of photosynthetic organs of oilseed rape, thereby increasing seed yield.

LAINE P

ROSSATO L

OURRY A

. Dynamics of nitrogen uptake and mobilization in field-grown winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) from stem extension to harvest: I. global N flows between vegetative and reproductive tissues in relation to leaf fall and their residual N. Annals of Botany, 2005, 95(5): 853-861.

XU D C

HEBELSTRUP K H

YANG D L

CAI J

WANG X

ZHOU Q

CAO W X

DAI T B

JIANG D

. Nitrogen topdressing timing modifies free amino acids profiles and storage protein gene expression in wheat grain. BMC Plant Biology, 2018, 18(1): 353.

BackgroundNitrogen is one basic element of amino acids and grain protein in wheat. In field experiments, wheat plants were subjected to different timing of nitrogen topdressing treatments: at the stages of emergence of the top fifth leaf (TL5), top third leaf (TL3) and top first leaf (TL1) to test the regulatory effects of nitrogen topdressing timing on grain protein quality. The underlying mechanisms were elucidated by clarifying the relationship between proteolysis in vegetative organs and accumulation of amino acids in the endosperm cavity, conversion of amino acids, and storage protein synthesis in endosperm of wheat grain.ResultsDelayed nitrogen topdressing up-regulated gene expression related to nitrogen metabolism and protease synthesis in the flag leaf, followed by more free amino acids being transported to both the cavity and the endosperm from 7days after anthesis (DAA) to 13 DAA in TL1. TL1 enhanced the conversion between free amino acids in endosperm and upregulated the expression of genes encoding high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) subunits and protein disulfide isomerases-like (PDIL) proteins, indicating that the synthesis and folding of glutenin were enhanched by delayed nitrogen topdressing. As a consequense, the content of glutenin macropolymers (GMP) and glutenin increased with delaying nitrogen topdressing.ConclusionsThe results highlight the relationship between nitrogen remobilization and final grain protein production and suggest that the nitrogen remobilization processes could be a potential target for improving the quality of wheat grain. Additionally, specific gene expression related to nitrogen topdressing was identified, which conferred more detailed insights into underlying mechanism on the modification protein quality.

金正勋, 秋太权, 孙艳丽, 赵久明, 金学泳. 氮肥对稻米垩白及蒸煮食味品质特性的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2001, 7(1): 31-35, 10.

JIN Z X

QIU T Q

SUN Y L

ZHAO J M

JIN X Y

. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on chalkness ratio and cooking and eating quality properties of rice grain. Plant Natrition and Fertilizen Science, 2001, 7(1): 31-35, 10. (in Chinese)

摘要

【目的】开花后穗部器官成为小麦生长中心,保证穗部充足的氮素营养是籽粒产量和蛋白品质形成的基础,精确诊断穗氮营养对预测评价产量和品质具有重要意义。【方法】选用周麦27和豫麦49-198为材料,在大田条件下设置3个灌溉条件（W0：雨养、W1：拔节期浇水1次、W2：拔节和开花各浇水1次）和5个施氮水平（0（N0）、90 kg·hm-2（N6）、180 kg·hm-2（N12）、270 kg·hm-2（N18）和360 kg·hm-2（N24））,于小麦开花后不同的灌浆时段采集各处理小麦穗器官干物质及氮素含量数据,构建不同灌溉条件下冬小麦穗器官的临界氮稀释（Nc）曲线,并于成熟期测定籽粒产量和蛋白质含量。【结果】在同一灌溉条件下,随着施氮量的增加,穗部干物质及氮含量均增加;不同灌溉条件下的穗部临界氮浓度与生物量间均符合幂指数关系,不同灌溉条件的模型间存在差异（W0: Nc=2.58 DM-0.242; W1: Nc=2.92 DM-0.24; W2: Nc=3.10 DM-0.231）。氮营养指数（NNI）在不同灌溉条件下均随着施氮量的增加而增加,适宜施氮量因灌溉条件而异,雨养条件为180—270 kg·hm-2,灌溉条件为270 kg·hm-2左右。相对产量（RY）与NNI之间显著相关,具体表现为线性+平台特征,在雨养条件下NNI为1.01时,RY获得最大值;而在灌溉条件下NNI为0.97时,RY获得最大值。籽粒蛋白含量与NNI之间呈显著的线性定量关系,灌溉导致蛋白质含量有所降低。【结论】确立的穗器官Nc及NNI模型,能够有效指示不同水氮条件下小麦氮素丰缺变化,实时评价产量状况,准确预测蛋白质含量,为小麦生育后期的田间及收储管理提供参考和依据。

ZHAO X H

ZHANG Y Y

RONG Y S

DUAN J Z

HE L

LIU W D

GUO T C

FENG W

. Study on critical nitrogen dilution model of winter wheat spike organs under different water and nitrogen conditions. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(17): 3321-3333. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.17.005. (in Chinese)

【Objective】 The spike organ becomes the growth center after anthesis in wheat, so ensuring sufficient nitrogen nutrition in spike organ is the basis of grain yield and protein quality formation. The accurate diagnosis of spike nitrogen nutrition is of great significance for predicting wheat yield and quality. 【Method】 Zhoumai 27 and Yumai 49-198 were used as wheat materials, and three irrigation treatments under field conditions (W0: rain-fed, W1: single irrigation at jointing, W2: irrigation at jointing and anthesis) and five nitrogen application levels (0 (N0), 90 kg·hm-2 (N6), 180 kg·hm-2 (N12), 270 kg·hm-2 (N18) and 360 kg·hm-2 (N24)) were set in this experiment. The dry matter and nitrogen content data of wheat spike organs at different filling periods were collected for constructing critical nitrogen dilution (Nc) curve of spike organs under different irrigation conditions, and the wheat grain yield and protein content were measured at maturity stage. 【Result】 Under the same irrigation condition, the dry matter and nitrogen content of spike organ both increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. All the relationships between spike critical nitrogen concentration and spike biomass under different irrigation conditions were power exponent, and the different models showed the difference under different irrigation conditions (W0: Nc=2.58 DM-0.242; W1: Nc=2.92 DM-0.24; W2: Nc=3.10 DM-0.231). Nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate under different irrigation conditions, and the suitable nitrogen application rate varied with the irrigation conditions, with 180-270 kg·hm-2 for rainfed conditions and about 270 kg·hm-2 for irrigation conditions. There was a significant correlation between relative yield (RY) and NNI, which was expressed as linear + platform characteristics. The NNI values of gaining the highest relative yield were different under different irrigation conditions, with 1.01 under rainfed condition and 0.97 under irrigated condition. There was a significant linear quantitative relationship between grain protein content and NNI of wheat, and the irrigation led to a decrease in protein content. 【Conclusion】 The spike organ Nc and NNI models established in this study could effectively indicate the changes in wheat spike nitrogen abundance and deficiency under different water and nitrogen conditions, evaluate the yield status in real time, and accurately predict protein content. These results provided the reference and basis for the field and storage management in the later stage of wheat growth.

KOCH K

YOON J M

EVERARD J D

SHANKS J V

. Influence of carbon to nitrogen ratios on soybean somatic embryo (cv. Jack) growth and composition. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2013, 64(10): 2985-2995.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed are valued for their protein and oil content. Soybean somatic embryos cultured in Soybean Histodifferentiation and Maturation (SHaM) medium were examined for their suitability as a model system for developing an understanding of assimilate partitioning and metabolic control points for protein and oil biosynthesis in soybean seed. This report describes the growth dynamics and compositional changes of SHaM embryos in response to change in the carbon to nitrogen ratio of the medium. It was postulated that at media compositions that were sufficient to support maximal growth rates, changes in the C:N ratio are likely to influence the partitioning of resources between the various storage products, especially protein and oil. As postulated, at steady-state growth rates, embryo protein content was strongly correlated with decreasing C:N ratios and increasing glutamine consumption rates. However, oil content remained relatively unchanged across the C:N ratio range tested, and resources were instead directed towards the starch and residual biomass (estimated by mass balance) pools in response to increasing C:N ratios. Protein and oil were inversely related only at concentrations of sucrose in the medium <88 mM, where carbon limited growth and no starch was found to accumulate in the tissues. These observations and the high reproducibility in the data indicate that SHaM embryos are an ideal model system for the application of metabolic flux analysis studies designed to test hypotheses regarding assimilate partitioning in developing soybean seeds.

VICK B A

BALDWIN B S

BUEHRING N

ASTATKIE T

JOHNSON B

. Oil content and saturated fatty acids in sunflower as a function of planting date, nitrogen rate, and hybrid. Agronomy Journal, 2009, 101(4): 1003-1011.

The fatty acids (FA) composition of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) determines its uses and health effects on humans, while oil content determines the price paid to producers. The hypothesis of this study was that agronomic factors (genotype, planting date, and N rate) will affect total saturated fatty acid (TSFA) concentration and oil content of sunflower. Additionally, Mississippi‐grown sunflower will have a different FA composition than the original seeds produced in more northern latitudes and used for planting. A field experiment was performed in four locations in Mississippi (Newton, Starkville, and two locations in Verona) to assess the effect of planting date (20 April, 20 May, and 20 June), N application rate (0, 67, 134, and 202 kg N ha−1) and genotype (hybrid, DKF3875, DKF2990, DKF3510, and DKF3901) on sunflower seed oil content and composition. The TSFA and oil content were significantly affected by planting date, hybrid, and N rate. Overall, later planting dates increased TSFA relative to the first planting, and in most instances TSFA concentrations in sunflower from the third planting was higher than in seeds from the second. Generally, the first planting date provided the highest oil content of the four hybrids, the second planting reduced oil content, while the third was not different from the second. Our results suggest that an earlier planting date may reduce the TSFA and increase oil content of sunflower in Mississippi. Regarding individual FA, overall, palmitic (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0) concentrations in sunflower seed grown in Mississippi from the first planting were reduced relative to the respective concentrations in the original seed. Later planting tended to increase these two acids relative to the first planting and relative to the original seed. The three minor saturated fatty acids (SFA), arachidic (20:0), behenic (22:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0) followed a similar pattern. This study demonstrated that agricultural factors such as planting date, hybrid, and N rate may significantly modify FA composition and oil content of sunflower grown in Mississippi, suggesting that these could be used as management tools for decreased TSFA and increased oil content.

KARIM H

ASGHAR M A

RAZA A

HUSSAIN M I

JAVED H H

SHAFIQ I

XIAO P

YUE H

AHMAD B

MANZOOR A

ALI U

WU Y C

. Carbohydrates accumulation, oil quality and yield of rapeseed genotypes at different nitrogen rates. Plant Production Science, 2022, 25(1): 50-69.

赵继献, 程国平, 任廷波, 高志宏. 不同氮水平对优质甘蓝型黄籽杂交油菜产量和品质性状的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2007, 13(5): 882-889.

ZHAO J X

CHENG G P

REN T B

GAO Z H

. Effect of different nitrogen rates on yield and quality parameters of high grade yellow seed hybrid rape. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2007, 13(5): 882-889. (in Chinese)

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