13个品种杜鹃花在高原铅锌矿区复合污染农田的生长适应性

摘要： 矿区土壤重金属污染问题十分严重，为筛选出适宜云南高原铅锌矿区重金属污染农田种植杜鹃花品种，开展引种13个品种杜鹃花的大田试验，从株高、生长率、叶绿素含量、养分含量及重金属累积特征等方面综合评价杜鹃花的生长适应性。结果表明：(1)与非根际土相比，杜鹃花根际土壤pH值、速效钾与碱解氮含量显著降低，速效磷含量显著升高。(2)杜鹃花的生长与矿质养分含量存在品种间差异，株高和生物量增长率分别以‘红阳’和‘红运来’最大，叶绿素含量以‘映山红’最高；N、P、K养分含量分别以‘火烈鸟’、‘羊踯躅’、‘红阳’最高，‘端阳’最低。(3)不同品种杜鹃花对重金属富集和转运能力存在显著差异，‘红阳’重金属的吸收能力最强，‘羊踯躅’最弱。总之，13个品种杜鹃花在铅锌矿区重金属污染农田能生长，以‘映山红’生长适应性综合评价得分最高，‘火烈鸟’次之，这两种杜鹃花可作为高原铅锌矿区重金属污染农田替代种植的首选品种。

关键词: 杜鹃花, 生长适应性, 重金属污染, 替代种植, 品种差异

Abstract: Soil heavy metal pollution is a serious problem in mining areas. A field experiment was conducted to select the Rhododendron varieties suitable for planting in a lead-zinc polluted mining area on the Yunnan Plateau. The traits screened among 13 varieties included seedling height, growth rate, chlorophyll content, nutrient content, and characteristics of heavy metal accumulation. The results showed that: (1) Compared with non-rhizosphere soil, rhizosphere soil of Rhododendron had significantly lower pH value, available potassium and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen concentrations, but higher available phosphorus concentration. (2) There were differences in growth factors and mineral nutrient concentrations among Rhododendron varieties. Varieties ‘Hongyang’ and ‘Hongyunlai’ had the greatest increase in plant height and biomass; Variety ‘Azalea’ had the highest chlorophyll content; Varieties ‘Huolieniao’, ‘Yangzhizhu’ and ‘Hongyang’ had the highest N, P, and K concentrations, while variety Duanyang’ had the lowest nutrient concentrations. (3) There were significant differences in the capacity to accumulate and transport heavy metals among different varieties. Variety ‘Hongyang’ had the greatest capacity to absorb heavy metals, whereas variety ‘Yangzhizhu’ had the lowest. In conclusion, all the 13 Rhododendron varieties screened could grow in lead-zinc polluted mining area. ‘Azalea’ had the highest score after an evaluation of growth adaptability factors, followed by ‘Huolieniao’. These two varieties should be considered as the primary varieties for alternative planting in lead-zinc polluted mining areas of the Yunnan Plateau.

Key words: Rhododendron, growth adaptability, heavy metal pollution, alternative planting, variety difference.

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