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植物学课件2011第七节花的形态、结构及生长发育

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2025-05-18 02:13

1、Section 7 Morphology, structure and development of flower 第七节花的形态、结构及生长发育 The flower is a characteristic system of reproductive organs of angiosperms (syn. flowering plants) in which two basic processes of sexual reproduction, meiosis and the fusion of male and female gametes occur resulting in the

2、 production of a new generation, the embryo. 1. Morphology of flowers 花的形态学花是被子植物的生殖器官，是适应于生殖的变态短枝，花的各部分为变态叶。1.1 花的组成花梗花托花萼花冠雄蕊群雌蕊群禾本科植物花的组成（单子叶）外颖颖片（小总苞）内颖外稃（苞叶）稃片小穗内稃（小苞叶）花（1几朵）浆片（花被）穗雄蕊群雌蕊群小穗轴穗轴小麦穗、小穗、花的组成穗小穗花小穗穗轴小穗轴外颖内颖小花浆片外稃内稃雌蕊雄蕊其它单子叶植物的花:1.2 花的类型* 离萼合萼副萼 * 离瓣合瓣

3、无瓣 * 双被单被无被 * 两性单性无性1.3 花的对称性： *辐射对称花：花瓣或花被片排列整齐，过花心可作2多个对称面的花。-整齐花 *两侧对称花：花瓣或花被片排列不整齐，但过花心能作一个对称面的花。-不整齐花 *不对称花：通过花心不能作出对称面的花。-不整齐花辐射对称两侧对称1.4 花冠形态头状花序中的舌状花和管状花1.5 雄蕊形态1. 6 雌蕊形态1. 7 子房形态1. 8 胎座形态 2. Flower bud differentiation and development 花芽分化和发育 1234桃花芽分化1. 萼片原基； 2. 花瓣原基； 3. 雄蕊原基； 4. 雌蕊原基一种

4、毛茛花芽在雌蕊形成初期的分生组织 1 = sepal primordium;萼片2 = petal primordium;花瓣3 = stamen primordium;雄蕊4 = carpel primordial;心皮5 = procambium；原形成层 Floral organ development in periwinkle (Vinca minor) 长春花的花芽分化 Floral organ development under SEM 扫描电镜下的花芽分化 Inflorescences are initiated in a floral apex in the same acr

5、opetal sequence as in flowers. 花序的分化也是向上的.showing the initiation and early developmental stages of a compound umbel （复伞形花序）and its flowers in carrot (Daucus carota 胡萝卜Pattern of inflorescence and flowers development in the head. 头状花序The youngest flowers are in the center found in Calendula officinal

6、is（金盏菊）Note the unusually wide meristem.Pattern of inflorescence and flowers development in complex spike. 复穗状花序和花发育的模式A生长锥；B. 生长锥伸长期;C.苞原基分化期（单棱期）; D. 小穗分化期开始; E. 小穗分化期末期;F. 颖片分化期; G. 小花分化期; H. 一个小穗（正面观）;I.雄蕊分化期;J.雌蕊形成期. 1.苞片原基;. 小穗原基;. 颖片原基;. 小花原基;. 雄蕊原基;.雌蕊原基 3 . Structure and development of stam

7、en 雄蕊的结构与发育 3. 1 Origin of stamens - modified leaves 雄蕊的起源 - 变态的叶子 Cross-sectional view of gooseberry （Ribes sp.） flower, showing anthers parts醋栗花横切示花药结构Five anthers, each with four pollen sacs (花粉囊） (microsporangia，小孢子囊), bearing pollen grains are shown. 1 = connective; 药隔2 = anther vascular bundl

8、e; 花药维管束3 = pollen sac wall; 花粉囊壁4 = style; 花柱5 = petal; 花瓣6 = sepal 萼片3. 2 Structure and development of anther 花药的发育与结构A-E. 花药的发育过程；F. 一个花粉囊放大，示花粉母细胞;G. 已开裂的花药，示花药的构造1.原表皮；2.孢原细胞；3.造孢细胞；4.药室内壁（纤维层）5.绒毡层；6.中层；7.花粉母细胞；8.药隔维管束；9.药隔基本组织； 10.花粉粒; 11. 表皮10Development process of microgametophyte of flow

9、ering plants 有花植物雄配子体发育过程（1）表皮药隔基本组织药隔维管束药室内壁中层绒毡层花粉母细胞未成熟花药的结构a、表皮； b、药室内壁； c、中层； d、绒毡层 Development process of microgametophyte of flowering plants 有花植物雄配子体发育过程（2）药隔维管束表皮药隔基本组织花粉粒纤维层成熟花药的结构3. 3 花粉母细胞发育形成花粉粒1） Meiosis 减数分裂花粉母细胞小孢子四分体四分体：田字型四分体四面体型四分体2）花粉粒的发育3）成熟花粉粒的结构4）成熟花粉粒的类型二胞花粉粒三胞花粉

10、粒扫描电镜下的花粉粒形态3. 4 Activity of pollen and pollen Tube 花粉活力与花粉管活力与植物的遗传有关，但受环境影响，低温有利于其活力的保存。Pollen plants花粉植物 4. Development and structures of pistil 雌蕊的发育与结构 4.1 雌蕊的起源心皮 Carpel is modified leaf 心皮是变态的叶子1） Single pistid - from one carpel 单雌蕊（单心皮）e.g. Fabaceae 豆科 (Leguminosae) Prunus (Rosaceae) 李属（蔷薇

11、科）Cercis chinensis (Redbud 紫荆)Prunus Prunus salicina (李)2）Apocarpous gynoecium - from more than one simple carpel but not united 离生心皮雌蕊群e.g. Rosoideae 蔷薇亚科 Magnoliaceae 木兰科Ranunculaceae 毛茛科 Magnolia denudata 白玉兰Ranunculus japonicus 毛茛Duchesnea indica 蛇莓3）Syncarpous pistil - from more than one carpel

12、 but united - compound pistil 合生心皮雌蕊 - 复雌蕊e.g. Most Angiosperm 大多数被子植物But there are different types: Dianthus sp. 石竹属3）Syncarpous pistil - from more than one carpel but united - compound pistil 合生心皮雌蕊 - 复雌蕊Polyponum sp. 蓼属Gypsophila sp. 霞草属Alternanthera sp. 莲子草属11231231231、柱头；2、花柱；3、子房 1) 柱头：雌蕊顶端接受花

13、粉的部位；其表皮细胞向外伸长成毛状，称乳突细胞。 2) 花柱：连接柱头与子房，是花粉管到达子房的通道。 3) 子房：雌蕊基部膨大的部分，由子房壁、子房室、胎座和胚珠组成。柱头花柱子房4.2 Composition of pistil 雌蕊的结构组成Wet stigma 湿柱头 e.g. Nicotiana 烟草属 Citrus 柑橘属Dry stigma 干柱头 Brassica 油菜属 Gossypium 棉属Types of style柱头类型Types of style花柱的类型Solid style 实心型 e.g. Gossynium 棉属Hollow style 空心型Ci

14、trus 柑橘属花柱道花柱沟引导组织Structures of ovary 子房的结构 Position of ovary 子房的位置There are three types of ovary positions:A superior ovary (e.g. tulip 郁金香) is situated on the receptacle above the points of origin of the perianth parts and androecium（雄蕊群）. In an inferior ovary (e.g. daffodil 水仙 ) the other floral

15、parts are attached at the top of the ovary. Calyx, corolla, and androecium fused to form a flower tube, or hypanthium (花筒）. Some plants (e.g. Sambucus 接骨木) is a half-inferior ovary in which the hypanthium is adnate to only the lower half of the ovary. 子房的结构：Ovary wall（子房壁）Ovary locule（子房室）Ovules（胚珠）

16、Placenta（胎座）Dorsa suture & bundle背缝线和背束Ventral suture & bundle腹缝线和腹束Lilium sp. ovary 百合子房横切子房壁子房室胎座胚珠子房横切面结构棉属Placentae are variously positioned within the ovaries of different plants.The type of placentation depends on the structure of the ovary.特立中央中轴侧膜胎座类型对植物的分类是重要的。Polycarpous ovary & par

17、ietal placentation in poppy 罂粟的多心皮子房与特殊的侧膜胎座Fused margins of numerous carpels grow deeply into a one-locular ovaryCentral-angular placentation in bilocular ovary and in trilocular ovary 2室子房和3室子房的中轴胎座4. 3 Structures and development of ovule 胚珠的发育与结构Chalaza 合点Nucellus 珠心Embryo sac 胚囊Outer integument外

18、珠被Inner integument 内珠被Micropyle 珠孔Funiculus 珠柄The most common type of megaspore- & megagameto-geneses show here is a bitegmic tenuinucellate anatropous ovule, appearing in the majority of plants.1）Development of ovule 胚珠的发育(1)最常见的大孢子发生类型是：双珠被、薄珠心、倒生胚珠 DivisionSome cells near ovary wall - - nucellusO

19、vule primordium 珠心 - funiculus 珠柄both integuments 双珠被develop bitegmic(nu = nucellus). Note the lack of the integuments. (ii = inner integument; oi = outer integument)2）Development of ovule 胚珠的发育(2)A big cell in nucellusstarts development Arehesporial孢原细胞A embryo-sac mother cell, EMC 胚囊母细胞Growth dire

20、ctlyParietal cell周缘细胞Sporogenous cell造孢细胞crassinucellus珠心Mitosisembryo-sac mother cellMost plantsLilium sp.Megasporegenesis starts with meiotic division of the diploid megasporecyte 二倍体大孢子母细胞开始减数分裂Ends with the formation of tetrad of haploid megaspores（单核胚囊）. Of tetrad spores (四分体）only a chalazal on

21、e （合点那个） es functional-other three degenerate.3）Development of ovule 胚珠的发育(3)EMCCarex sp. 莎草科苔属Process of from EMC to tetrad spores in LiliumProcess of from EMC to tetrad spores in ZeaTypes of megasporogenesis 大孢子发生的类型Polygonum type 蓼型(单孢型）In 70% angiosperme, tetrad spores (四分体）only a chalazal one （

22、合点端那个） es functional Megaspore (大孢子），other three degenerate点（解体）.Megaspore - 3 times of mitosis - 8 nucleus - mature (Single nuclear embryo sacembryo sac)seven cells embryo sac includes the egg and two synergids (representing the egg apparatus in the micropylar region of the sac), the central cell a

23、nd, in the chalazal region, three antipodals. Structure of mature embryo sac 成熟胚囊的结构three antipodals 反足细胞 the central cell 中央细胞Synergids助细胞 chalazalmicropylarthe eggOrthotropous crassinucellate bitegmic ovules in (Polygonum sp.) . 直生的双珠被、厚珠心胚珠O = obturator, II = inner integument, OT = outer integume

24、nt, S = synergids, N = nucellus (megasporangium), E = egg cell, SN = secondary nucleus of central cell, ES = embryo sac, A = antipodals, H = hypostase, C = chalaza, VB = vascular bundle, and F = funiculus Structure of mature embryo sac - megagametophyte成熟胚囊- 雌配子体的结构 Seven cells and eight nucleusAnatropous tenuinucellat