首页分享黄连花花期动态及其授粉特性研究

黄连花花期动态及其授粉特性研究

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2024-12-22 09:37

摘要:

目的黄连花作为一种重要的传统中药材，对其花期动态和授粉特性的研究能够为其种质资源的保护、杂交育种以及药用繁殖应用提供理论基础。

方法本试验于2015—2016年连续2年在东北林业大学园林学院苗圃地观察黄连花的花部形态、开花动态，测定花粉活力、柱头可授性，计算杂交指数、花粉/胚珠比等指标，结合授粉和套袋处理等，研究黄连花的花期动态和授粉特性。

结果黄连花为两性花，圆锥花序，单花花期一般为4 d，单株花序持续时间为35 ~ 50 d。整个开花过程有2个开花高峰期。第1个高峰期出现在始花后第6 ~ 10天，第2个高峰期出现在始花后第15天。同一朵花中，雌蕊较雄蕊先成熟，柱头的可授性和花粉活力均随开花时间的延长呈现先增强后降低的趋势。柱头于始花后2 h 至5 d内一直保持较高的可授性；花粉于始花后0.5 ~ 1 h活力指数达到最大，花后1.5 ~ 2 h逐渐失活。黄连花的花粉/胚珠比为878.7，杂交指数为4，综合花粉/胚珠比、杂交指数以及授粉和套袋的试验结果，确定黄连花的授粉特性为兼性异交、自交亲和。黄连花的整个开花过程中访花昆虫主要为宽带细腹食蚜蝇和东方蜜蜂。访花高峰期在上午09:00 ~ 11:00时，可连续访问多朵花，宽带细腹食蚜蝇在每朵花上停留的时间约为16 ~ 28 s，而东方蜜蜂约为9 ~ 17 s。

结论黄连花花期较长，单株花期可达35 ~ 50 d，期间具有2个开花高峰期；雌蕊较雄蕊先成熟，花粉保持活力的时间较短，授粉特性为自交亲和、兼性异交，需要传粉者。

Abstract:

ObjectiveLysimachia davurica is an important traditional Chinese medicine. The study of flowering dynamics and pollination characteristics can provide a theoretical basis for the protection of planting resources, cross breeding and application of medicinal reproduction.

MethodThe floral syndrome and breeding characteristics of L. davurica were investigated by observing flower morphology and flowering dynamics, testing pollen vigor and stigma acceptability, calculating outcrossing index and pollen-ovule ratio with pollination and bagging treatment.

ResultThe results showed that L. davurica was a bisexual and panicles flower. Single flower period was generally 4 days and the duration of an individual inflorescence was about 35−50 days. There were two flowering peaks in the whole flowering process. The first and second peak occurred at 6−10th and 15th day after the beginning of flowering, respectively. Pistil matured earlier than stamen in the same flower. Stigma receptivity and pollen vigor increased first and then decreased with the prolongation of flowering time. Stigma maintained high receptivity at 2 hours to 5 days after flowering. The activity index of pollen reached the maximum at 0.5−1 hours and was inactivated at 1.5−2 hours after flowering. The P/O (pollen/ovule) ratio and OCI (outcrossing index) value of L. davurica were 878.7 and 4, respectively. According to the results of P/O ratio, OCI and bagging test, the breeding characteristics of L. davurica were confirmed to be facultative outcrossing and self-compatible. Sphaerophoria macrogaster and Apis cerana were effective pollinators (the flower visiting insects). Flower visiting peak period ranged from 9:00 to 11:00 am. It can visit many flowers continuously. S. macrogaster stayed in each flower for about 16−28 seconds and A. cerana for about 9−17 seconds.

ConclusionThe florescence of L. davurica was long and the florescence of single plant lasted for 35−50 days. There were two flowering peaks in the whole flowering process. The pistil matured earlier than the stamen and the time of pollen keeping vitality was short. The pollination characteristic was self-compatible and facultative outcrossing. The pollination of L. davurica required pollinators.

图 1 不同时期黄连花花部综合特征照片

A1、A2花蕾期；B1、B2花瓣开始松动；C1、C2开花15 min；D1、D2开花30 min；E1、E2开花1 ~ 2 h；F ~ L. 开花第2 ~ 7天；M. 花瓣脱落；N. 子房膨大；O. 花药完全开裂，花粉散出；P. 柱头的可授性；Q. 花粉萌发。A1, A2, bud stage; B1, B2, petals begin to loosen; C1, C2, flowering for 15 minutes; D1, D2, flowering for 30 minutes; E1, E2, flowering 1−2 hours; F−L, flowering 2−7 days; M, petals falling off; N, ovary enlargement; O, anthers fully dehiscence, pollen dispersal; P, stigma receptivity; Q, pollen germination.

Figure 1. Photos of multiple floral syndrome of Lysimachia davurica in different periods

图 2 黄连花花序持续时间的频率分布

Figure 2. The inflorescence duration of Lysimachia davurica

图 3 黄连花单株花序花朵开放百分率

花朵开放百分率以花序持续时间出现频率最高的41 d的所有植株统计。Flower opening percentages of all plants with the highest frequency of inflorescence duration of 41 days.

Figure 3. Flowering percentage of single flower inflorescence of Lysimachia davurica

图 4 黄连花单株花序的开花数量

Figure 4. Size of individual inflorescence opening pattern of Lysimachia davurica

图 5 不同培养基对花粉萌发的影响

z1、z2、z3分别代表蔗糖质量浓度为50、100、150 g/L，p1、p2、p3分别代表硼酸质量浓度为0.01、0.05、0.1 g/L；z1p1为50 g/L的蔗糖和0.01 g/L硼酸的组合；z1p2为50 g/L的蔗糖和0.05 g/L硼酸的组合；z1p3为50 g/L的蔗糖和0.1 g/L硼酸的组合；z2p1为100 g/L的蔗糖和0.01 g/L硼酸的组合；z2p2为100 g/L的蔗糖和0.05 g/L硼酸的组合；z2p3为100 g/L的蔗糖和0.1 g/L硼酸的组合；z3p1为150 g/L的蔗糖和0.01 g/L硼酸的组合；z3p2为150 g/L的蔗糖和0.05 g/L硼酸的组合；z3p3为150 g/L的蔗糖和0.1 g/L硼酸的组合。 z1, z2 and z3 mean the mass concentration of sucrose is 50, 100 and 150 g/L, p1, p2, p3 mean the mass concentration of boric acid is 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 g/L. z1p1 is a combination of sucrose of 50 g/L and boric acid of 0.01 g/L; z1p2 is a combination of sucrose of 50 g/L and boric acid of 0.05 g/L; z1p3 is a combination of sucrose of 50 g/L and boric acid of 0.1 g/L; z2p1 is a combination of sucrose of 100 g/L and boric acid of 0.01 g/L; z2p2 is a combination of sucrose of 100 g/L and boric acid of 0.05 g/L; z2p3 is a combination of sucrose of 100 g/L and boric acid of 0.1 g/L; z3p1 is a combination of sucrose of 150 g/L and boric acid of 0.01 g/L; z3p2 is a combination of sucrose of 150 g/L and boric acid of 0.05 g/L; z3p3 is a combination of sucrose of 150 g/L and boric acid of 0.1 g/L.

Figure 5. Effects of different culture medium on pollen germination

图 6 开花时间对花粉萌发的影响

不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著（P < 0.05）。下同。Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference among all treatments at P < 0.05 level. The same below.

Figure 6. Effects of flowering time on pollen germination

图 7 保存温度对花粉萌发的影响

花粉失活以萌发率小于等于5%为标准。Pollen inactivation is based on germination rate less than or equal to 5%.

Figure 7. Effects of preservation temperature on pollen germination

表 1 不同开放时间花朵的柱头可授性

Table 1 Flower’s stigma receptivity of flower of different opening time

项目 Item 开花前1 d
One day before flowering 开花时间 Flowering time 0.5 h 1 h 2 h 2 d 3 d 4 d 5 d 6 d 7 d 可授性结果
Result of stigma receptivity −/+ + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ −/+ − 注：“−”代表柱头不具有可授性；“+”表示具有可授性；“++”表示可授性强；“−/+”表示部分柱头具有可授性。Notes: “−” means the stigma is not receivable; “+” means it is receivable; “++” stands for strong stigma receivability; “−/+” means that part of the stigma is receivable.

表 2 黄连花的授粉试验结果

Table 2 Pollination test results of Lysimachia davurica

授粉方式
Pollination mode 坐果率
Percentage of
fertile fruit/% 去雄，套袋，不授粉
Detached, bagged, not pollinated 0 不去雄，套袋，自花授粉
Not detached, bagged, self-pollination 39.95 ± 3.0 去雄后不套袋，自然授粉
Detached, not bagged, natural pollination 23.40 ± 0.3 去雄，套袋，人工异花授粉
Detached, bagged, artificial cross-pollination 4.65 ± 0.3 不去雄，不套袋，自然授粉
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