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氮肥形态及配比对菠菜生长和安全品质的影响

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2024-11-13 07:01

摘要: 【目的】铵态氮肥和硝态氮肥是蔬菜生长过程中经常施用的氮肥种类，氮肥形态及配比对蔬菜生长和安全品质有着重要影响。菠菜是一种叶菜类蔬菜，富含矿质元素、维生素C和维生素E。本文通过施用铵态氮和硝态氮肥，探究氮肥形态及其配比(NH+4-N/NO-3-N)对菠菜生长和安全品质的影响。【方法】采用水培试验，设置5种不同氮素形态配比(NH+4-N/NO-3-N比值分别为100∶0、 75∶25、 50∶50、 25∶75和0∶100)的营养液，定期采集菠菜样品并测定菠菜的生物量、株高、根系长度、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐、有机酸和氨基酸参数值。【结果】随着NH+4-N/NO-3-N比值从100∶0变化到0∶100，菠菜的生物量、株高、根系长度、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐累积量以及有机酸含量均呈增加趋势，而氨基酸总量则明显下降;当NH+4-N/NO-3-N比值为0∶100时，菠菜茎叶生物量为6.2 g/plant，株高和根系长度分别为16.3 cm和22.5 cm，分别是NH+4-N/NO-3-N比值为100∶0时的6倍、 2.2倍和2.0倍，表明菠菜是一种喜硝酸盐氮的蔬菜;当NH+4-N/NO-3-N比值由0∶100变为25∶75时，即在氮肥组合中增加25%的铵态氮肥，此时的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量分别由398.5 mg/kg、 1.42 mg/kg降为249.1 mg/kg、 0.98 mg/kg，降幅为37.5%和8.0%，表明在菠菜生长过程中适当增施铵态氮肥可有效降低硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐在茎叶中的累积;当NH+4-N/NO-3-N比值从100∶0变化到0∶100，对6种有机酸(苹果酸、富马酸、琥珀酸、 α-酮戊二酸、柠檬酸和丙酮酸)而言，增加幅度最大的是富马酸，约8.6倍，增加幅度最小的是柠檬酸，约2.5倍，苹果酸则在NH+4-N/NO-3-N=25∶75时达到最大值，为985.3 mg/L;随着NH+4-N比例的减少，菠菜茎叶中的氨基酸总量呈下降趋势，NH+4-N/NO-3-N比值为100∶0、 75∶25、 50∶50、 25∶75和0∶100的氨基酸总量分别为21.80 μmol/g、 12.92 μmol/g、 9.20 μmol/g、 8.30 μmol/g和7.50 μmol/g，表明菠菜的营养价值降低，这一趋势与上述所研究的指标(株高、根系长度、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量以及有机酸含量)有着明显的区别。【结论】菠菜是一种典型的喜硝态氮类蔬菜，施用硝态氮肥可明显提高菠菜产量，但过高的施用量可导致菠菜安全品质下降。适当增施铵态氮肥可降低硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐在菠菜体内的累积，并有效调节氨基酸和有机酸的代谢。因此，在菠菜种植过程，应该合理地搭配铵态氮肥和硝态氮肥，以便在保证安全性和营养价值的基础上获取最大的生物量。

关键词: 铵态氮肥 / 硝态氮肥 / 菠菜 / 生物量 / 生理代谢

Abstract: 【Objectives】 Aammonium fertilizer and nitrate fertilizer are two major types of fertilizers generally used for vegetables growth, and applying different types and ratios of nitrogen fertilizers have a significant impact on growth and nutrient value of vegetables. Spinach is an important leafy vegetable, which is rich in micronutrients, vitamin C and vitamin E. In this study, effects of ammonium fertilizer, nitrate fertilizer and NH+4-N/NO-3-N on the growth, safety and quality of spinach were investigated in Fengyang, China. 【Methods】Water culture experiment was adopted in this study to investigate how ammonium fertilizer, nitrate fertilizer and NH+4-N/NO-3-N affect on the growth, safety and quality of spinach. Based on the hydroponics experimental configuration designed by our research team, spinach was cultivated in nutrient solution containing different ratios (100∶0, 75∶25, 50∶50, 25∶75 and 0∶100) of NH+4-N/NO-3-N. Spinach samples were periodically collected and analysed for spinach biomass, shoot height, root length, nitrate and nitrite accumulation, organic acids and amino acid content. 【Results】It was found that spinach biomass, shoot height, root length, nitrate and nitrite accumulation amount, organic acids content increased, and the amino acid content declined with the variations of NH+4-N/NO-3-N from 100∶0 to 0∶100. Spinach biomass, shoot height and root length were 6.2 g/plant, 16.3 cm and 22.5 cm, respectively with the NH+4-N/NO-3-N of 100∶0, which were 6.0, 2.2 and 2.0 times higher than those in the NH+4-N/NO-3-N of 0∶100. These results suggested that spinach might be one of nitrate-philic plants. When NH+4-N/NO-3-N changed from 0∶100 to 25∶75, the nitrate and nitrite content decreased from 398.5 mg/kg, 16.42 mg/kg to 249.1 mg/kg, 14.9 mg/kg, correspondingly, which indicated that increasing the ammonium fertilizer might contribute to the decrease of accumulation of nitrate and nitrite into spinach during its growth. Organic acids including Pyruvate, Citrate, α-Oxoglutarate, Succinate, Fumarate and Malate in spinach were also monitored when the NH+4-N/NO-3-N varied from 100∶0 to 0∶100, where Fumarate showed the largest increase, up to 8.6 times, and Citrate showed the smallest increase with 2.5 times, and the maximum content of Malate reached to 985.3 mg/L with NH+4-N/NO-3-N of 25∶75. Compared with shoot height, root length, nitrate and nitrite and organic acids content in spinach, amino acid content were significantly decreased with the variation of the NH+4-N/NO-3-N from 100∶0 to 0∶100, showing 21.80 μmol/g, 12.92 μmol/g, 9.20 μmol/g, 8.30 μmol/g and 7.50 μmol/g, respectively, leading to an noticeable decrease in nutritional quality. 【Conclusions】Compared with ammonium, spinach may prefer to nitrate fertilizer, in which spinach biomass would increase with the increasing of nitrate fertilizer application. However, excessive application of nitrate fertilizer may lead to the decrease in safety and quality of spinach. Applying appropriate ratio of ammonium fertilizer into spinach cultivation can help reduce the accumulation of nitrate and nitrite into spinach, and also effectively regulate the metabolism of organic acids and amino acids. Therefore, it is rather important of applying an appropriate proportion of ammonium and nitrate fertilizer in growth of spinach to enhance its safety and quality based on the maximization of spinach production.

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