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大一大二植物学花

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2024-11-12 19:23

1、Section SixReproduction and reproductive organs in seed plants第六节植物的繁殖与种子植物的繁殖器官 Reproduction of Plant植物的繁殖植物生长发育到一定阶段，就要复制与自己相似的个体，以维持种族的延续，这种现象叫繁殖(reproduction)。 reproduction of spore plants孢子植物的繁殖1. Vegetative reproduction营养繁殖Fission裂殖Budding芽殖Fragmentation 断裂繁殖 reproduction of spore plants孢子植物的繁

2、殖2. Asexual reproduction无性繁殖无性生殖是孢子植物繁殖的重要方式。进行无性生殖的生殖细胞称孢子(spore) ，这种孢子是植物的营养细胞、菌丝或植物体产生的，不需经过的结合，所以无性生殖又叫孢子生殖 (spore reproduction)。 Aspergillus曲霉的孢子囊生物在营养繁殖和无性生殖中，由于不经过有性过程，遗传信息不进行重组，子代继承下来的遗传信息与亲代相同，所以无性生殖有利于保持亲代的特性。 reproduction of spore plants孢子植物的繁殖2. Sexual reproduction有性繁殖 sperm eggIsogamy

3、同配 heterogamy异配 oogamy卵配 Concept 概念：Involves the union of two sex cells, or gametes, to for a single cell called a zygoteIsogamyin Chlamydomonas 衣藻同配生殖水绵的接合生殖Conjugation reproduction of Spirogyra黄丝藻属（Tribonema）与无隔藻属（Vaucheria）的卵配生殖轮藻属(Chara)约150种。典型的卵式生殖 reproduction of seed plants种子植物的繁殖 1Vegetativ

4、e reproduction - clone营养繁殖-种子植物的克隆 Ginger( Zingbier )姜Artificial vegetative reproduction人工营养繁殖通常利用植物具有自然营养繁殖的特性，或植物细胞的全能性，将植物的一部分，如根、茎、叶或植物的一些组织甚至单个细胞，通过人工培养使它生长成为一个新的植株。现有： DivisionCutting分离繁殖扦插 stem cuttingroot cutting leaf cutting茎插叶插LayeringGrafting压条嫁接Tissue and cell culture组织和细胞培养Tissue and ce

5、ll culture组织和细胞培养“快速繁殖技术”(rapid propagation)或“微繁殖技术”(micropropagation)， Tissue and cell culture组织和细胞培养Tissue culture to expand the raw materials of herb.Actinidiasp.猫人参快繁Dysosmasp.八角莲快繁Dendrobiumsp.石斛快繁2Asexual and sexual reproductionof seed plants种子植物无性和有性繁殖第七节被子植物花的组成、结构及生长发育 Reproductive organs

6、of seed plants种子植物的繁殖器官 Fruits and seedsFlower Conceptual Overview and constitutes of flower花的基本概念和组成 The flower is a characteristic system of reproductive organs of angiosperms (syn. flowering plants) in which two basic processes of sexual reproduction, meiosis (减数分裂）and the fusion of male and fema

7、le gametes（配子） occur resulting in the production of a new generation, the embryo（胚）.Mangnolia sp.Camelia japonicaStamens （雄蕊）, whose aggregation in the flower isknown as the androecium （雄蕊群）, are male reproductive organs involved in the production of pollen grains（花粉粒）.The female reproductive o

8、rgan of the flower is called the pistil （雌蕊）, or gynoecium（雌蕊群）.It consists of one or more carpels （心皮）and usually occupies the central position in theflower. In most angiosperms there is only one pistil in a flower comprised of oneto five united carpels, butin some primitive angiosperms there may b

9、e several pistils Each comprised of a single carpel.Morphology of flowers - Dicots花的形态学双子叶植物四花瓣的花 four petals 两侧对称花 zygomorphic Oenothera sp. 月见草属Lonicera sp.忍冬属 Morphology of flowers - Dicots花的形态学 Monadelphous单体雄蕊典型辐射对称的花 typical actinomorphicHibiscus sp. 木槿属Sedum sp.景天属 Morphology of flowers- Mon

10、ocots花的形态学 -单子叶植物 Typical monocot flower 两侧对称花 zygomorphic One Orchid一种兰花Lilium sp.百合属Morphology of flowers花的形态学 Narcissus sp.喇叭水仙子房下位Inferior ovary Rosa sp.上位子房，周位花 Hypericum sp.金丝桃属，子房上位 superior ovaryMorphology of flowers花的形态学 Liguliform and Tubular flowers In the head (capitulum)头状花序中的舌状花和管状花 I

11、nflorescence of Sunflower向日葵的花序外颖 outer glume内颖 inner glumeInflorescence of Poaceae禾本科植物的花序 Is a complex spica （复穗状花序）and composed of one -several of spikelets ( 小穗 ). Each spikelet have one several of flowers, which are different from Diocots. Lolium黑麦草flowers of Poaceae禾本科植物的花 Rice wheatonly hav

12、ing the reduced perianth (花被）, i.e. lodicules (浆片) and lemma (外稃), palea (内稃）, and 3-6 stamens & 1 pistil (雌蕊）.Flower bud differentiation and development花芽分化和发育 Concept(概念）： Young stage (幼年期):from germination to differentiation of the first flower budsVernalization (春化作用): Low temperature advancesfl

13、ower bud differentiationPhotoperiodism (光周期现象）：Influence of light toflower formingDifferentiation time (分化时间）:Differentiation order (分化顺序）：Inflorescence - floweracropetal sequence (向顶或向心的）Flower bud differentiation and development花芽分化和发育 A median longitudinal section through the floral meristem of b

14、uttercup (Ranunculus sp.) at the stage of the initiation of pistils.一种毛茛花芽在雌蕊形成初期的分生组织。心皮原基雄蕊原基花瓣 petal 花托 receptaclefloral organ development in periwinkle (Vinca minor)长春花的花芽分化 2 Find differences with the floral apex of buttercup.1 = sepal primordium;萼片原基 2 = petal primordium;花瓣原基 3 = stamen prim

15、ordium;雄蕊原基 4 = carpel primordial;心皮原基 5 = procambium原形成层 2 3Floral organ development under SEM扫描电镜下的花芽分化Floral organ development under SEM扫描电镜下的花芽分化Flower bud differentiation of peach桃的花芽分化 2143From 1）sepal primordium (原基）, 2）petal primordium, 3）stamen primordium to 4）carpel primordial.stages of fl

16、ower development in Adrastaea salicifolia(Dilleniaceae) as seen with the SEM.第伦桃科一种植物的花发育的各阶段 P = petal; S = sepal5 sepals primordiumThe “ABC Model” and “Quartet Model”Coen &Meyerowitz，1991ABC三类基因是APB3, PI可转录的同源异型基因AP1A, AP2ACGSTK, SHP1995 矮牵牛SEP1E/2/3/4Thessen 2001 拟南芥2001年，通过对拟南芥的sepallata1,2,3三重突

17、变体的研究，四研因究子模者型提Q出ua了rteAt MBoCdeEl 模, Th型es。sen这20一01模, 提型出确拟南定芥了花E发类育的基因对花部器更官精发确模育s型e的p重al要性p。etalstamencarpelovuleThe ABC Modelfor Floral Organ IdentityBBBAsepalpetalpetalsepalACsepalsepalcarpelcarpelCcarpelstamenstamencarpelACsepalpetalstamencarpelThe ABC ModelLoss of B and CLoss of A, B and CLo

18、ss of EBleafleafleafleafleafleafleafleafAsepalsepalsepalsepalACsepalpetalstamencarpelInflorescences are initiated in a floral apex in the same acropetal sequence as inflowers. 花序的分化同样是向上的.showing the initiation and early developmental stages of a compound umbel （复伞形花序）and its flowers in carrot (Dauc

19、us carota 胡萝卜）.1 = floral apex, 2 = initiation of an inflorescence, 3 = initiation of umbels, 4 = initiation of flowers (F)I = bract （苞片） Pattern ofinflorescence and flowers developmentin the head.头状花序和花发育的模式The youngest flowers are in the center found inCalendula officinalis（金盏菊） Note the unusually

20、 wide meristem.1 = floral apex;2 = initiation of peripheral flowers(F)（外围的花） ;3 = initiation of the central flowers (C); I = bract;R = receptacle（花托） Pattern ofinflorescence and flowers developmentin complex spike.复穗状花序和花发育的模式4HA326B1J 5 CDEFGIA生长锥；B. 生长锥伸长期;C.苞原基分化期（单棱期）;D. 小穗H. 一个分化期开始; 小穗分化期末期;F.

21、颖片分化期;G. 小花分化期;小穗（正面观）;I.雄蕊分化期;J.雌蕊形成期.苞原基;. 小穗原基;. 颖片原基;. 小花原基;. 雄蕊原基;.雌蕊原基Parcy et al., 2005 根据统一花序模型的假设，TFL1基因的表达提高植物的营养生长潜能，而 LFY基因的表达则降低营养生长潜能。TFL1和LFY基因相互抑制，共同决定分生组织的命运(Prusinkiewicz et al., 2007)。AP1则通过调控TFL1和LFY基因的表达参与植物的花序形态建成(Jager et al., 2013)。 LFY、AP1和TFL1基因的相对表达量决定最终的花序结构(Ratcliffe et

22、 al., 1999)。花序发育相关调控基因 Benlloch et al., 2007花序发育相关调控基因 Structure and development of stamen雄蕊的结构与发育 Stamen is composed of anther and filament（花药和花丝）. In anther there are many pollens ( male gametophyte) 雄配子体 Origin of stamens- modified leaves雄蕊的起源 -的叶子Stamens of some tropical trees look like leaves

23、with pollen-producing structures embedded in them. SuchLeaflike stamens are indirect evidence （叶子的间接证据）Cross-sectional view of gooseberry （Ribes sp.） flower,showing anthers parts醋栗花横切示花药结构Five anthers, each with four pollen sacs ( 花粉囊） (microsporangia，小孢子囊), bearing pollen grains are shown.1 = c

24、onnective; 药隔2 = anther vascularbundle; 花粉囊维管束3 = pollen sac wall;花粉囊壁 4 = style;5 = petal;6 = sepal花柱花瓣萼片Histology of connective药隔的结构Single vascular bundle in the center.1 = epidermiswithstomata;2 = groundtissues ;3 = bundlesheath;维管束鞘 4 = primaryphloem;5 = primaryxylem;6 = tapetum绒毡层 Cross-sectio

25、n of the connective of a white campion (Lychnis alba) anther.剪秋罗 tapetum绒毡层 Structure and development of anther花药的结构与发育 3 AE. 花药的发育过程； F. 一个花粉囊放大，ABC7示花粉母细胞;G.已开裂的花药，示花药的构造 1.原表皮；2.孢原细胞； 3.造孢细胞；DE8944.纤维层；层；6.中层；粉母细胞； 5.绒毡7.花1164758. 药隔维管束； 9. 药隔基本组织；10. 花粉; 11. 表皮 FG12Structure and development o

26、f anther花药的结构与发育 Development process of microgametophyte offlowering plants有花植物雄配子体发育过程（1）Endothecium药室内壁（纤维层perietal cells周缘细胞 - Middle layers中层 Tapetum 绒毡层periclinal DArchesporial cells (Under epidermis)表皮下的孢原细胞 -平周 mitosis造胞细胞 sporogenous cells -microsporocytes PMC花粉母细胞 Some directly to Other cel

27、ls - connective 药隔mitosis有丝分裂and vascular bundleDevelopment process of microgametophyte offlowering plants有花植物雄配子体发育过程（2）有助花粉散发Fibrous layeropen stomium helping emanation pollens纤维化 -dissolution降解Helping PMC development,then dissolution prior to wall帮助花粉母细胞发育，先于壁降解 microsporocytes PMC花粉母细胞 R.D.DMei

28、osis4 tetrad with callose wall具胼胝体的4分体 Nature pollens, micro- gametophyteEndothecium 药室内壁Middle layers 中层 Tapetum 绒毡层 Anther primordium of tapetum & sporogenoustissue differentiated花药绒毡层和造孢细胞分化The tapetum (t 绒毡层) and sporogenous tissue (st)（小孢子母细胞） are differentiated from the groundmeristem of anthe

29、r primordium very early,prior to the maturation of vascular elements (ps)Development process of microgametophyte of flowering plants有花植物雄配子体发育过程（3）(R.D)or Meiosis减数分裂Disjoint4 tetrad with callose wall具胼胝体的4分体 microsporocytes PMC花粉母细胞 Uninucleate Pollen单核花粉 Prophase IMeiosis 减数分裂Diakinesis 终变期 Metaph

30、ase二次连续的分裂，子代细胞染色体数减半，具有重要的生物学意义 Anaphase I减数 +重组 recombineInterkinesis 短暂间期短暂间期有2种情况： 1、连续型：单子叶，水稻、Anaphase II小麦有2分体阶段2、同时型：双子叶，棉花、蚕豆 Telophase IISecond division Is a mitosis.First division Is a meiosis有2分体阶段连续型：单子叶，水稻、小麦同时型：双子叶，棉花、蚕豆Early prophase of meiosis I in lily microsporocytes（PMC)百合小孢子母细胞减

31、数分裂I 早前期 Tapetum绒毡层 late prophase of meiosis I in lily microsporocytes百合小孢子母细胞减数分裂I 晚前期 Appearance of callose walls胼胝质壁Tetrad stage of microsporogenesis in lily小孢子发生的四分体阶段 Callosic walls are clearly seenhaploid nuclei Microspore单核小孢子 Histology of Lilium anther. Tapetum lining the pollensacs.百合花药结构，绒

32、毡层衬在花粉囊内（t)Identify： the epidermis,connective, vascular bundle, microsporangium, pollen grains, pollen sac wall, and style.识别表皮、药隔、维管束、小孢子囊（花粉囊）、花粉粒、花粉囊壁和花柱。 Free-microspore stage of microsporogenesis in whiteCampion剪秋罗小孢子发生过程中的游离的小孢子阶段Three-facet form of microspores is due to their positionwithin

33、tetrad可见三面体，属于同时型Anthers before dehiscence开裂前的花药Endothecium （药室内壁）prominent,other wall layers degraded. 当花药成熟时，其它花药壁层又称纤维层 Fibrous layerStructures and development of pollensMicrosporogenesis 小孢子发生Angiosperm microsporogenesis被子植物小孢子发生减数分裂前Five phases may be recognized Coordinate development of uni

34、nucleate pollens单核花粉发育的5个阶段游离的小孢子单核花粉Micro gametogenesis & Pollen Wall Development雄配子体发生（花粉粒）与花粉壁发育 Two successive mitoses occur in: one inside pollen wall, & another inside pollen tube (or, rarely, both inside microspore wall) , called bi-cellular pollen (二细胞花粉）.游离液泡消失壁脱水成熟的2细胞花粉Mature pollens With different exine (花粉外壁）Scanning electron micrograph of pollen grain surfacein Lychnis alba扫描电子显微镜下的剪秋罗花粉粒表面multiporate pollen多孔花粉Smilax (菝葜) 的无