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植物学｜郁金香

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2024-11-10 23:41

郁金香简介

郁金香（学名：Tulipa×gesneriana L.），是百合科郁金香属多年生球根花卉，又名草麝香、旱荷花、洋荷花、洋水仙、郁香等。郁金香具鳞茎。叶条状披针形至卵状披针形。花单朵顶生，大型而艳丽；花被片红色或杂有白色和黄色，有时为白色或黄色。花期4-5月。

Tulipa(scientificname:Tulipa×gesneriana L.) is a perennial bulb flower of the tulip family Liliaceae, also known as grass musk, dry lotus, lotus, narcissus, and Yu Xiang. Tulips have bulbs. Leaf strip lanceolate to ovate lanceolate. Flowers single terminal, large and showy; Perianth segments red or mixed with white and yellow, sometimes white or yellow. Flowering in April - May.

生长习性

Growth habit

郁金香既能适应冬季湿冷又能适应夏季干热。8°C以上即可生长，一般可耐-14°C低温。生长适宜温度为8-20°C，喜腐殖质丰富、疏松肥沃、排水良好的砂质土壤。每天光照时数应不少于8h，但日照较强时需适当遮荫，以避免花期过短。郁金香花期一般为5-6天，温度低、湿度大、阴天等环境下花期可延长到10-14天。郁金香切花生育期为45-70天。

Tulips can adapt to both cold and wet winter and hot and dry summer. It can be grown above 8°C and can generally withstand low temperatures of -14°C. The suitable temperature for growth is 8-20°C, and it likes sandy soil with rich humus, loose fertile and good drainage. The number of hours of light per day should not be less than 8h, but appropriate shade should be provided when the sunshine is strong to avoid too short flowering period. The flowering period of tulips is generally 5-6 days, and the flowering period can be extended to 10-14 days under low temperature, high humidity, cloudy days and other environments. The growth period of cut tulip flowers is 45-70 days.

繁殖方式Mode of reproduction

郁金香的种球繁殖可通过鳞茎繁殖、种子繁殖和组织培养等途径实现。鳞茎繁殖因耗时短、成本较低，多应用于生产领域，但繁殖后其品种容易退化，后两种方法多应用于培育新品种、脱毒等特殊领域。

Bulb propagation of tulip can be achieved through bulb propagation, seed propagation and tissue culture. Due to its short time and low cost, bulb propagation is mostly used in the production field, but its varieties are easy to degenerate after reproduction, and the latter two methods are mostly used in special fields such as breeding new varieties and detoxification.

（1）种球繁殖Bulb propagation

郁金香一般采用分球繁殖。即当年栽植的母球经过一季生长后，在其周围分生出1-2个大鳞茎和几个小鳞茎，将其与母球分离，按种球大小分开种植，大种球当年可开花，小种球培养1-2年后开花。

Tulips are generally propagated by parting balls. That is, after a season of growth of the cue ball planted in the year, 1-2 large bulbs and several small bulbs are produced around it, which are separated from the cue ball and planted separately according to the size of the seed ball. The large seed ball can flower in the year, and the small seed ball will flower after 1-2 years of cultivation.

（2）种子繁殖Seed propagation

郁金香种子繁殖这一途径虽然需要的生长周期长，但却是培养具有抗病性、适应力强、观赏价值较高的新品种的不可或缺的手段。杂交育种是传统育种方法之一，也是实现植株新品种的选育的重要途径。利用部分郁金香种突出的优良性状，进行种间杂交，可达到改善郁金香栽培品种的效果。

Although the propagation of tulip seeds requires a long growth cycle, it is an indispensable means to cultivate new varieties with disease resistance, strong adaptability and high ornamental value. Cross breeding is one of the traditional breeding methods, and it is also an important way to breed new varieties of plants. The effect of improving tulip cultivars can be achieved by interspecific hybridization with some outstanding characters of tulip species.

气温高是夏季最显著的气候特征，但因地域、干湿环境的不同，会产生炎热干燥或者湿热多雨的不同气候。

（3）组培繁殖Tissue culture propagation

以郁金香鳞茎、花茎及其他材料为外植体，通过组织培养技术进行郁金香种球的快速繁殖，不仅能保持原品种的优良特性，且繁殖系数高，是郁金香种球产业化繁育的重要手段。鳞茎膨大期的鳞片可直接诱导出愈伤组织和小鳞茎，花芽分化后期的鳞片可诱导出小鳞茎和绿叶组织; 外层鳞片愈伤诱导率较高。

Using tulip bulbs, flower stems and other materials as explants, rapid propagation of tulip bulbs by tissue culture technology can not only maintain the excellent characteristics of the original varieties, but also have a high reproduction coefficient, which is an important means of industrialization of tulip bulbs breeding. Callus and small bulbs can be directly induced from the bulbous swelling stage, and small bulbs and green leaf tissue can be induced from the scales at the late stage of flower bud differentiation. The callus induction rate of outer scale was higher.