首页分享不同调理剂对尾菜低C/N堆肥腐殖化效果的影响

不同调理剂对尾菜低C/N堆肥腐殖化效果的影响

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2026-04-05 14:04

摘要: 针对尾菜碳氮比（C/N）低自身无法堆肥，现有好氧堆肥工艺下尾菜堆肥需要大量调理剂，不同调理剂组分对尾菜堆肥过程的腐殖化进程影响差异不清的问题，本研究以番茄藤蔓尾菜为主要原料，选用小麦秸秆、椰糠和蘑菇渣三种不同的调理剂进行好氧堆肥，明确不同调理剂添加情况下，尾菜低碳氮比（C/N=14）好氧堆肥过程中腐殖质的产生与变化趋势。采用温度、pH、电导率（EC）和发芽指数（GI）进行堆肥腐熟度评判，通过腐殖质组分的变化，明确不同调理剂添加情况下的尾菜堆肥腐殖化效果及变化规律。结果表明，相较于尾菜无法自身堆肥完成腐殖化，添加不同调理剂均能使尾菜发生腐殖化，且不同处理腐殖化程度相似，堆肥结束腐殖质含量均在28%左右，但不同处理堆肥产物的胡敏酸含量差异较大，蘑菇渣处理（T3）含量最高达到11.9%，添加椰糠处理（T2）最少仅为4.8%；对不同处理堆肥产物红外光谱分析表明，相较于其他两个处理，添加椰糠处理的芳香族伸缩振动改变量最少，腐殖化程度较低。堆肥结果表明，小麦秸秆、椰糠和蘑菇渣三种调理剂均能使尾菜在低C/N条件下进行好氧堆肥，温度、pH、EC和GI值都能达到相关有机肥标准。添加小麦秸秆更易促进腐植酸产生，促进腐殖质的形成；添加椰糠处理，腐殖化效果较差。

Abstract: The low C/N ratio of vegetable waste can not compost by itself, vegetable waste composting under the existing aerobic composting process requires a lot of conditioning agents, and the effect of different conditioning components on the humification progress of the vegetable waste composting process is unclear. In order to solve the above problems, we used tomato vine as the main material, and selected three different kinds of conditioning agents including wheat straw, coconut bran and mushroom residue for aerobic composting to understand the humic substances production and change trend during aerobic composting with low C/N ratio (C/N=14) of vegetable waste under the addition of different conditioning agents. The degree of humification of compost was judged using temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and germination index (GI) to clarify the effects and change pattern of humification of vegetable waste compost with different conditioner additions through changes in humic components. The results showed that compared with the inability of a vegetable waste to complete humification by its own compost, the addition of different conditioning agents could all humify the vegetable waste, and the degree of humification by different treatments was similar. The humic acid contents of the end compost were all around 28%, while the humic acid contents of the different treatment compost products differed greatly, with the highest amount reaching 11.9% in mushroom pomace treatment(T3), and the least amount being only 4.8% in coconut bran treatment(T2). Infrared spectroscopic analysis of compost products from the different treatments showed that the least amount of altered aromatic stretching vibration and a lower degree of humification occurred in the treatment with coconut bran added relative to the other two treatments. Composting results showed that all three types of conditioning agents, wheat straw, coconut bran, and mushroom residue, enabled the tail vegetables to be aerobically composted under low C/N conditions, while the temperature, pH, EC, and GI values met the relevant organic manure standards. The addition of wheat straw more easily promoted humic acid production and promoted the formation of humic substances, but poor humification effect in coconut bran treatment.

图 1 堆肥装置简图

Figure 1. Composting device diagram

图 2 堆肥过程中温度变化

Figure 2. Temperature changes during composting

图 3 堆肥过程中pH和电导率的变化

Figure 3. pH and electrical conductivity changes during composting

图 4 堆肥过程中GI变化

Figure 4. GI changes during composting

图 5 堆肥过程中TOC和HS变化

Figure 5. TOC and HS changes during composting

注：PQ代表胡敏酸与可提取腐殖质的比值。

Note: PQ indicates the ratio of humic acid to extractable humus.

图 6 堆肥过程中HR和PQ变化

Figure 6. HR and PQ changes during composting

图 7 堆肥过程中FITR变化

Figure 7. FITR changes during composting

表 1 堆肥原料的理化指标

Table 1 Physical and chemical indicators of composting raw materials

物料
Materials总有机碳
Total organic carbon/
(g·kg−1)总氮
Total nitrogen/
(g·kg−1)C/N含水率
Moisture content/
%pH纤维素
Cellulose/
%木质素
Lignin/
% 尾菜
Vegetable waste39332.112.385.66.69.15.5小麦秸秆
Wheat straw4658.157.47.37.236.214.6椰糠
Coconut bran4844.6105.19.66.524.254.8蘑菇渣
Mushroom residue47421.621.932.55.826.28.9

表 2 试验处理参数

Table 2 Composition and basic properties of experimental treatments

处理
Treatments堆肥物料
Compost material碳氮比
C/N含水率
Moisture content/% T1尾菜（11.0 kg）+小麦秸秆（2.0 kg）
Vegetable waste（11.0 kg）+ Wheat straw（2.0 kg）14.273.6T2尾菜（11.0 kg）+椰糠（1.8 kg）
Vegetable waste（11.0 kg）+ Coconut bran（1.8 kg）14.474.9T3尾菜（11.0 kg）+蘑菇渣（3.5 kg）
Vegetable waste（11.0 kg）+ Mushroom residue（3.5 kg）14.074.2

表 3 特征峰比值和总有机碳、胡敏酸、富里酸及胡敏素之间的相关性分析

Table 3 Correlation analysis between characteristic peak ratio and TOC, HA, FA and HM

指标 Index1 650 cm−1/3 400 cm−11 650 cm−1/2 925 cm−11 650 cm−1/1 110 cm−1TOCHAFAHM 1 650 cm−1/3 400 cm−111 650 cm−1/2 925 cm−10.425*11 650 cm−1/1 110 cm−10.489**0.835**1TOC−0.119−0.482**−0.2611HA−0.853**−0.294−0.4080.0061FA−0.399*−0.036−0.1890.0500.1001HM0.524**−0.0940.1540.706**−0.516*−0.403*1 注：**表示在0.05水平上相关性显著；*表示在0.01水平上相关性显著。TOC代表总有机碳；HA代表胡敏酸；FA代表富里酸；HM代表胡敏素.Note: ** indicates a significant correlation at the 0.05 level; * indicates a significant correlation at the 0.01 level.TOC indicates soil organic carbon; HA indicates humic acid; FA indicates fulvic acid; HM indicates humin. [1] 李欣,张旭,剌世凯,等. 黄瓜秸秆协同降解菌群的筛选及其促生效果探究[J]. 中国蔬菜,2022(6):33−43.

LI X,ZHANG X,LA S K,et al. Screening of microbial consortium capable of degrading cucumber plant straw and exploration of its growth promotion effect[J]. China Vegetables,2022 (6):33−43.

[2]

WANG Y Q,SCHUCHARDT F. Effect of C/N ratio on the composting of vineyard pruning residues[J]. Landbauforschung Volkenrode,2010,60 (3):131−138.

[3] 尹瑞,张鹤,邱慧珍,等. 不同碳氮比牛粪玉米秸秆堆肥的碳素转化规律[J]. 甘肃农业大学学报,2019,54(5):68−78. DOI: 10.13432/j.cnki.jgsau.2019.05.009

YIN R,ZHANG H,QIU H Z,et al. Study on carbon conversion of cow dung/corn straw composting with different C/N ratios[J]. Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2019,54 (5):68−78. DOI: 10.13432/j.cnki.jgsau.2019.05.009

[4] 刘超,王若斐,操一凡,等. 不同碳氮比下牛粪高温堆肥腐熟进程研究[J]. 土壤通报,2017,48(3):662−668. DOI: 10.19336/j.cnki.trtb.2017.03.22

LIU C,WANG R F,CAO Y F,et al. Fermentation process under high temperature composting of cow manure with different C/N values[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48 (3):662−668. DOI: 10.19336/j.cnki.trtb.2017.03.22

[5] 张鹤. 不同碳氮比对好氧堆肥进程和腐殖质及其组分含量的影响 [D]. 兰州: 甘肃农业大学, 2018.

ZHANG H. Effects of different C/N ratios on aerobic composting process and humus and its components content [D]. Lanzhou: Gansu Agricultural University, 2018.

[6] 王丽英,吴硕,张彦才,等. 蔬菜废弃物堆肥化处理研究进展[J]. 中国蔬菜,2014,1(6):6−12. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6346.2014.06.002

WANG L Y,WU S,ZHGN Y C,et al. Research progress on composting treatment of vegetable wastes[J]. China Vegetables,2014,1 (6):6−12. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6346.2014.06.002

[7] 席旭东,晋小军,张俊科. 蔬菜废弃物快速堆肥方法研究[J]. 中国土壤与肥料,2010(3):62−66. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-6257.2010.03.016

XI X D,JIN X J,ZHANG J K. The study of rapid composting method by vegetable wastes[J]. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2010 (3):62−66. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-6257.2010.03.016

[8]

KALAMDHAD A S,SINGH Y K,ALI M,et al. Rotary drum composting of vegetable waste and tree leaves[J]. Bioresource Technology,2009,100 (24):6442−6450. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.030

[9]

ZHU N. Effect of low initial C/N ratio on aerobic composting of swine manure with rice straw[J]. Bioresource Technology,2007,98 (1):9−13. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.12.003

[10] 马若男,李丹阳,亓传仁,等. 碳氮比对鸡粪堆肥腐熟度和臭气排放的影响[J]. 农业工程学报,2020,36(24):194−202. DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.24.023

MA R N,LI D Y,QI C R,et al. Effects of C/N ratio on maturity and odor emissions during chicken manure composting[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2020,36 (24):194−202. DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.24.023

[11] 徐路魏,王旭东. 生物质炭对蔬菜废弃物堆肥化过程氮素转化的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报,2016,35(6):1160−1166. DOI: 10.11654/jaes.2016.06.019

XU L W,WANG X D. Effect of biochar on nitrogen transformation in vegetable wastes during composting[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35 (6):1160−1166. DOI: 10.11654/jaes.2016.06.019

[12] 张陆,曹玉博,王惟帅,等. 鸡粪添加对蔬菜废弃物堆肥腐殖化过程的影响[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文),2022,30(2):258−267. DOI: 10.12357/cjea.20210536

ZHANG L,CAO Y B,WANG W S,et al. Effect of chicken manure addition on humification of vegetable waste in composting process[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2022,30 (2):258−267. DOI: 10.12357/cjea.20210536

[13] 华冠林,丁京涛,孟海波,等. 响应曲面法优化沼渣快速堆肥研究[J]. 环境工程,2019,37(12):194−199+148. DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201912034

HUA G L,DING J T,MENG H B,et al. Optimization of biogas residue composting using response surface methodology[J]. Environmental Engineering,2019,37 (12):194−199+148. DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201912034

[14] 中华人民共和国农业农村部. 有机肥: NY 525-2021[R]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2021.

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Organic fertilizer: NY 525-2021[R]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2021.

[15] 中国人民共和国农业部. 焦磷酸钠-氢氧化钠提取重络酸钾氧化容量法: NYT1867-2010[R]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2010.

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Determination of humus content in soil: NYT1867-2010[R]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2010.

[16] 国家技术监督局. 土壤有机质测定法: NY/T 85-1988[R]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 1989.

The State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Method for determination of soil organic matter: NY/T 85-1988[R]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 1989.

[17] 李凡,陈金海,王磊,等. 翻堆频率对堆肥减量化、腐殖化和稳定化的影响[J]. 工业微生物,2014,44(1):6−12. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-6678.2014.01.002

LI F,CHEN J H,WANG L,et al. Effects of different turning frequency on reduction, humification and stabilization of composting[J]. Industrial Microbiology,2014,44 (1):6−12. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-6678.2014.01.002

[18] 董存明,张曼,邓小垦,等. 不同碳氮比条件下鸡粪和椰糠高温堆肥腐熟过程研究[J]. 生态与农村环境学报,2015,31(3):420−424. DOI: 10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.03.023

DONG C M,ZHANG M,DENG X K,et al. High-temperature composting of mixtures of chicken manure and coconut husk different in C/N ratio[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2015,31 (3):420−424. DOI: 10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.03.023

[19] 谷洁,李生秀,秦清军,等. 微生物及胡敏酸E_4/E_6值在农业废弃物静态高温腐解中的变化[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(12):98−102+106. DOI: 10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2005.12.020

GU J,LI S X,QIN Q J,et al. Changes of microorganisms and E_4/E_6 in agricultural waste materials during composting in static state with high temperature[J]. Journal of Northwest A & F University (Natural Science Edition),2005,33 (12):98−102+106. DOI: 10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2005.12.020

[20] 李季, 彭生平. 堆肥工程实用手册 [M]. 2版. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2011.

LI J, PENG S P. Practical handbook of composting engineering [M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2011.

[21] 栾润宇,高珊,徐应明,等. 不同钝化剂对鸡粪堆肥重金属钝化效果及其腐熟度指标的影响[J]. 环境科学,2020,41(1):469−478. DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201906121

LUAN R Y,GAO S,XU Y M,et al. Effect of different passivating agents on the stabilization of heavy metals in chicken manure compost and its maturity evaluating indexes[J]. Environmental Science,2020,41 (1):469−478. DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201906121

[22] 罗渊,袁京,李国. 学, 等. 种子发芽试验在低碳氮比堆肥腐熟度评价方面的适用性[J]. 农业环境科学学报,2016,35(1):179−185. DOI: 10.11654/jaes.2016.01.024

LUO Y,YUAN J,LI G X,et al. Applicability of seed germination test to evaluation of low C/N compost maturity[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35 (1):179−185. DOI: 10.11654/jaes.2016.01.024

[23] 王旭东,关文玲,陈多仁. 纯有机物料腐解形成腐殖物质性质的动态变化[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001,29(5):88−91. DOI: 10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2001.05.023

WANG X D,GUAN W L,CHEN D R. Property changes of humic substances from organic materials in different decompo sing period[J]. Journal of Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry,2001,29 (5):88−91. DOI: 10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2001.05.023

[24] 王玉军,窦森,张晋京,等. 农业废弃物堆肥过程中腐殖质组成变化[J]. 东北林业大学学报,2009,37(8):79−81. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5382.2009.08.029

WANG Y J,DOU S,ZHANG J J,et al. Changes of humic components during agricultural waste composting[J]. Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2009,37 (8):79−81. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5382.2009.08.029

[25] 陈丽鹃,周冀衡,柳立,等. 不同秸秆对植烟土壤有机碳矿化和腐殖质组成的影响[J]. 中国烟草科学,2019,40(5):8−14. DOI: 10.13496/j.issn.1007-5119.2019.05.002

CHEN L J,ZHOU J H,LIU L,et al. Effects of different crop straws on organic carbon mineralization and humus composition of tobacco-growing soil[J]. Chinese Tobacco Science,2019,40 (5):8−14. DOI: 10.13496/j.issn.1007-5119.2019.05.002

[26] 屠巧萍. 生物质炭添加对猪粪堆肥腐殖化的影响及机理研究 [D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2014 .

TU Q P. Effect of biomass charcoal addition on humidification of pig manure compost and its mechanism [D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2014 .

[27] 李艳,窦森,刘艳丽,等. 微生物对暗棕壤添加玉米秸秆腐殖化进程的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报,2016,35(5):931−939. DOI: 10.11654/jaes.2016.05.017

LI Y,DOU S,LIU Y L,et al. Effects of different microorganisms on humification of corn stover incorporated in dark brown soil[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35 (5):931−939. DOI: 10.11654/jaes.2016.05.017

[28] 孙向平. 不同控制条件下堆肥过程中腐殖质的转化机制研究 [D]. 北京: 中国农业大学, 2013 .

SUN X P. Study on transformation mechanism of humus during composting under different control conditions [D]. Beijing: China Agricultural University, 2013 .

[29] 李恕艳,李吉进,张邦喜,等. 菌剂对鸡粪堆肥腐殖质含量品质的影响[J]. 农业工程学报,2016,32(S2):268−274. DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z2.037

LI S Y,LI J J,ZHANG B X,et al. Influence of inoculants on content and quality of humus during chicken manure composting[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32 (S2):268−274. DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z2.037

[30]

LIU H. Relationship between organic matter humification and bioavailability of sludge-borne copper and cadmium during long-term sludge amendment to soil[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016,566/567:8−14. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.023

[31] 王艮梅,黄松杉,王良桂,等. 菌渣好氧堆肥过程中腐熟度指标及红外光谱的动态变化[J]. 生态环境学报,2019,28(12):2416−2424. DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2019.12.014

WANG G M,HUANG S S,WANG L G,et al. Dynamics of maturity indexes and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy during mushroom residue composting[J]. Ecology and Environment Sciences,2019,28 (12):2416−2424. DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2019.12.014

[32] 崔婷婷,窦森,杨轶囡,等. 秸秆深还对土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征的影响[J]. 土壤学报,2014,51(4):718−725. DOI: 10.11766/trxb201310260486

CUI T T,DOU S,YANG Y N,et al. Effects of straw deep returning on soil humus composition and humic acid structure characteristics[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51 (4):718−725. DOI: 10.11766/trxb201310260486

[33] 郑延云,张佳宝,谭钧,等. 不同来源腐殖质的化学组成与结构特征研究[J]. 土壤学报,2019,56(2):386−397. DOI: 10.11766/trxb201805070241

ZHENG Y Y,ZHANG J B,TAN J,et al. Chemical composition and structure of humus relative to sources[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2019,56 (2):386−397. DOI: 10.11766/trxb201805070241

[34] 宋彩红,李鸣晓,魏自民,等. 初始物料组成对堆肥理化、生物和光谱学性质的影响[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析,2015,35(8):2268−2274. DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2015)08-2268-07

SONG C H,LI M X,WEI Z M,et al. Influence of the composition of the initial mixtures on the physicochemi-cal and biological properties and spectral characteristics of composts[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2015,35 (8):2268−2274. DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2015)08-2268-07

[35] 卜贵军,于静,邸慧慧,等. 红外光谱结合二维相关分析研究堆肥过程腐殖酸演化规律[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析,2015,35(2):362−366. DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2015)02-0362-05

BU G J,YU J,QUE H H,et al. Apply fourier transform infrared spectra coupled with two-dimensional correlation analysis to study the evolution of humic acids during composting[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2015,35 (2):362−366. DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2015)02-0362-05