首页分享陆地棉与野生斯特提棉远缘杂种性状鉴定及遗传解析

陆地棉与野生斯特提棉远缘杂种性状鉴定及遗传解析

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2025-10-28 03:59

摘要：

棉花远缘杂交是种质创新和新品种选育的重要途径。以实验室前期合成的陆地棉与野生斯特提棉远缘杂种为材料,对其进行形态学、细胞遗传学及SSR分子标记鉴定。形态学分别从植株、叶片和花三方面进行了双亲和杂种的分析比较,结果表明杂种植株高于双亲,叶片大于双亲,表现出显著的杂种优势;叶色与父本相近,为翠绿色,杂种花基部花斑与父本相近,为深红色;细胞遗传学上对杂种进行了花粉母细胞减数分裂观察,结果表明不育杂种F1在减数分裂过程中出现许多异常行为,其中二分体占24.00%,三分体占10.40%,四分体占40.60%,多分体占25.00%。在四分体中,正常四分体占72.91%,异常占27.09%,以至于最后形成很多异常花粉粒,所占比例为24.00%,正常花粉粒占76.00%,这是杂种不育的主要原因;最后通过SSR分子标记鉴定结果表明,杂种F1不仅扩增出双亲的互补带,还扩增出双亲没有的特异性条带,遗传成分比例分别为：父本占7.69%,母本占34.62%,双亲的互补带占23.07%,特异性新带占34.62%,既表明在杂交过程中发生了基因重组,也从分子水平证实了该杂种是陆地棉和斯特提棉的真杂种,同时为棉花遗传育种和种质创新提供了有价值的材料。

关键词: 斯特提棉, 远缘杂交, 性状鉴定, SSR

Abstract:

Distant hybridization of cotton is an important approach for germplasm innovation and breeding of new varieties. In this study,the distant hybrid of Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium sturtianum synthesized in the laboratory were used as materials and was identified in terms of morphology,cytogenetics and SSR molecular markers. Morphological analysis and comparison of the parents and hybrids were carried out from three aspects of plants,leaves and flowers respectively. Results showed that the hybrid plants were higher than that of the parents and the leaves were larger than that of the parents,demonstrating obvious heterosis. The colors of the leaves were emerald green,similar to that of the male parent. And the colors of the basal spots of hybrids were dark red,similar to that of the male parent. As for cytogenetics,pollen mother cell meiosis was observed in hybrids,and the results showed that there were many abnormal behaviors in the process of meiosis in sterile hybrid F1,among which diad,triad,tetrad and polyad accounted for 24.00%,10.40%,40.60% and 25.00%,respectively. In the tetrad,72.91% of normal tetrad and 27.09% of abnormal tetrad resulted in the formation of 24.00% abnormal pollen grains and 76.00% of normal pollen grains,which were the main reasons for hybrid sterility. Finally,the identification of SSR molecular marker showed that F1 hybrids not only amplified the complementary bands of the parents,but also amplified the specific bands that the parents did not have. The proportions of genetic components were as follows：7.69% for the male parent,34.62% for the female parent,23.07% for the parental complementary bands,and 34.62% for specific new bands. It is not only suggested that the gene recombination occurred in the hybridization process,but also confirmed that the hybrid was the true hybrid of G. hirsutum and G. sturtianum at the molecular level. At the same time,this study provides valuable materials for the genetic breeding and germplasm innovation of cotton.

Key words: Gossypium sturtianum, distant hybridization, character identification, SSR