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植物硝态氮吸收和转运的调控研究进展

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2025-05-22 20:36

摘要：

氮是植物生长过程中需求量最大的基础元素,直接影响植物的生长发育和形态建成。氮肥过量施用导致植物氮素利用效率(NUE)下降,不仅造成氮肥浪费,也导致土壤面源污染,给农业可持续发展带来了严峻挑战,已引起全球范围内的广泛关注。硝态氮(NO3-)是植物利用的主要无机氮源,研究NO3-的吸收和转运对提高NUE具有现实意义。综述了植物根系从土壤吸收NO3-,再从根部转运至地上部并在器官和组织进行分配利用的生理过程及分子机制,总结提出了调控植物吸收和转运氮素的技术与措施,并对今后的研究与应用提出了展望,以期为合理施用氮肥和提高氮素利用效率提供依据和指导。

关键词: 硝态氮, 氮素利用率, 氮素吸收和转运, 分子机制, 调控措施

Abstract:

Nitrogen is the most demanded macro-nutrient during growth of plants,plays an important role in the growth and development as well as morphogenesis of plants. Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer leads to a decline in plant nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),which not only causes waste of nitrogen fertilizer,but also leads to soil diffused pollution,thus brings severe challenges to the development of green agriculture and has attracted widespread global attention. NO3- is the main inorganic nitrogen sources used by plants,and studying the uptake and transport mechanism of NO3- is of practical significance for improving NUE. In this paper,we reviewed the physiological processes and molecular mechanisms about how NO3- is of uptake from soil via plant roots and further transported from the roots to the shoot and distributed among the organs. We summarized and put forward the techniques and measures to regulate plant nitrogen uptake and transport,and prospected future research and application,aiming to provide basis and guidance for rational application of nitrogen fertilizer and improvement of NUE.

Key words: NO3-, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen uptake and transport, molecular mechanisms, regulation measure