首页分享植物学课程课件：第七节花的形态、结构及生长发育

植物学课程课件：第七节花的形态、结构及生长发育

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2025-05-18 02:13

Section 7 Morphology, structure and development of flower 第七节第七节花的形态、结构及生长发育花的形态、结构及生长发育 The flower is a characteristic system of reproductive organs of angiosperms (syn. flowering plants) in which two basic processes of sexual reproduction, meiosis and the fusion of male and female gametes occur resulting in the production of a new generation, the embryo. 1. Morphology of flowers 花的形态学花的形态学花是被子植物的生殖器官，是适应于生殖的变态短枝，花是被子植物的生殖器官，是适应于生殖的变态短枝，花的各部分为变态叶花的各部分为变态叶1.1 花的组成花的组成花梗花梗花托花托花萼花萼花冠花冠雄蕊群雄蕊群雌蕊群雌蕊群禾本科植物花的组成（单子叶）禾本科植物花的组成（单子叶）外颖外颖颖片（小总苞）颖片（小总苞）内颖内颖外稃（苞叶）外稃（苞叶）稃片稃片小穗小穗内稃（小苞叶）内稃（小苞叶）花（花（1~几朵）几朵）浆片（花被）浆片（花被）穗穗雄蕊群雄蕊群雌蕊群雌蕊群小穗轴小穗轴穗轴穗轴小小麦麦穗穗、、小小穗穗、、花花的的组组成成穗穗小穗小穗花花小穗小穗穗轴穗轴小小穗轴穗轴外颖外颖内颖内颖小花小花浆片浆片外稃外稃内稃内稃雌蕊雌蕊雄蕊雄蕊其它单子叶植物的花其它单子叶植物的花:1.2 花的类型花的类型** 离萼离萼合萼合萼副萼副萼 ** 离瓣离瓣合瓣合瓣无瓣无瓣 ** 双被双被单被单被无被无被 ** 两性两性单性单性无性无性1.3 花的对称性：花的对称性： **辐辐射射对对称称花花：：花花瓣瓣或或花花被被片片排排列列整整齐齐，，过过花花心心可可作作2~多个对称面的花。

多个对称面的花整齐花整齐花 **两两侧侧对对称称花花：：花花瓣瓣或或花花被被片片排排列列不不整整齐齐，，但但过过花花心能作一个对称面的花心能作一个对称面的花不整齐花不整齐花 **不不对对称称花花：：通通过过花花心心不不能作出对称面的花能作出对称面的花不整齐花不整齐花辐射对称辐射对称两侧对称两侧对称1.4 花冠形态花冠形态头状花序中的舌状花和管状花头状花序中的舌状花和管状花1.5 雄蕊形态雄蕊形态1. 6 雌蕊形态雌蕊形态1. 7 子房形态子房形态1. 8 胎座形态胎座形态 2. Flower bud differentiation and development 花芽分化和发育花芽分化和发育 1234桃花芽分化桃花芽分化1. 萼片原基；萼片原基； 2. 花瓣原基；花瓣原基； 3. 雄蕊原基；雄蕊原基； 4. 雌蕊原基雌蕊原基一种毛茛花芽在雌蕊形成初期的分生组织一种毛茛花芽在雌蕊形成初期的分生组织 1 = sepal primordium;萼片萼片 2 = petal primordium;花瓣花瓣 3 = stamen primordium;雄蕊雄蕊 4 = carpel primordial;心皮心皮 5 = procambium；原形成层；原形成层 Floral organ development in periwinkle (Vinca minor) 长春花的花芽分化长春花的花芽分化 Floral organ development under SEM 扫描电镜下的花芽分化扫描电镜下的花芽分化　Inflorescences are initiated in a floral apex in the same acropetal sequence as in flowers. 花序的分化也是向上的花序的分化也是向上的.showing the initiation and early developmental stages of a compound umbel （复伞形花序）and its flowers in carrot (Daucus carota 胡萝卜Pattern of inflorescence and flower‘s development in the head. 头状花序头状花序The youngest flowers are in the center found in Calendula officinalis（金盏菊）（金盏菊）Note the unusually wide meristem.Pattern of inflorescence and flower‘s development in complex spike. 复穗状花序和花发育的模式复穗状花序和花发育的模式A．生长锥；　．生长锥；　B. 生长锥伸长期生长锥伸长期;　　C.　苞原基分化期（单棱期）　苞原基分化期（单棱期）; D. 小穗分化小穗分化期开始期开始; E. 小穗分化期末期小穗分化期末期;　　F. 颖片分化期颖片分化期; G. 小花分化期小花分化期; H. 一个小穗（正一个小穗（正面观）面观）;　　I.　雄蕊分化期　雄蕊分化期;　　J.　雌蕊形成期　雌蕊形成期. 1.苞片原基苞片原基;　２　２. 小穗原基小穗原基;　３　３. 颖片原基颖片原基;　４　４. 小花原基小花原基;　５　５. 雄蕊原基雄蕊原基;　６　６.雌蕊原基雌蕊原基 3 . Structure and development of stamen 雄蕊的结构与发育雄蕊的结构与发育 3. 1 Origin of stamens --- modified leaves 雄蕊的起源雄蕊的起源 --- 变态的叶子变态的叶子 Cross-sectional view of gooseberry （（Ribes sp.）） flower, showing anther‘s parts醋栗花横切示花药结构醋栗花横切示花药结构Five anthers, each with four pollen sacs (花粉囊）花粉囊） (microsporangia，，小孢子囊小孢子囊), bearing pollen grains are shown. 1 = connective; 药隔药隔2 = anther vascular bundle; 花药维管束花药维管束3 = pollen sac wall; 花粉囊壁花粉囊壁4 = style; 花柱花柱5 = petal; 花瓣花瓣6 = sepal 萼片萼片3. 2 Structure and development of anther 花药的发育与结构花药的发育与结构A-E. 花药的发育过程；花药的发育过程；F. 一个花粉囊放大，示花一个花粉囊放大，示花粉母细胞粉母细胞;　　G. 已开裂的花药，示花药已开裂的花药，示花药的构造的构造　　1.原表皮；原表皮；2.孢原细胞；　孢原细胞；　3.造孢细胞；　造孢细胞；　4.药室内壁（纤维层）　药室内壁（纤维层）　5.绒毡层；绒毡层；6.中层；　中层；　7.花粉母细胞；　花粉母细胞；　8.药隔维管束；药隔维管束；9.药隔基本组织；药隔基本组织； 10.花粉粒花粉粒; 11. 表皮表皮10Development process of microgametophyte of flowering plants 有花植物雄配子体发育过程（有花植物雄配子体发育过程（1））表皮表皮药隔药隔基本组织基本组织药隔维药隔维管束管束药药室内壁室内壁中层中层绒毡层绒毡层花粉母细胞花粉母细胞未未成成熟熟花花药药的的结结构构a、、表皮；表皮； b、、药室内壁；药室内壁； c、、中层；中层； d、、绒毡层绒毡层 Development process of microgametophyte of flowering plants 有花植物雄配子体发育过程（有花植物雄配子体发育过程（2））药隔维药隔维管束管束表皮表皮药隔药隔基本组织基本组织花粉粒花粉粒纤维层纤维层成成熟熟花花药药的的结结构构3. 3 花粉母细胞发育形成花粉粒花粉母细胞发育形成花粉粒1）） Meiosis 减数分裂减数分裂花粉母细胞花粉母细胞小小孢子四分体孢子四分体四分四分体：体：田字型四田字型四分体分体四面体型四四面体型四分体分体2）花粉粒的发育）花粉粒的发育3）成熟花粉粒的结构）成熟花粉粒的结构4）成熟花粉粒的类型）成熟花粉粒的类型二胞二胞花粉粒花粉粒三胞三胞花粉花粉粒粒扫扫描描电电镜镜下下的的花花粉粉粒粒形形态态3. 4 Activity of pollen and pollen Tube 花粉活力与花粉管活力花粉活力与花粉管活力与植物的遗传有关，但受环境影响与植物的遗传有关，但受环境影响，低温有利于其活力的保存。

低温有利于其活力的保存Pollen plants花粉植物花粉植物 4. Development and structures of pistil 雌蕊的发育与结构雌蕊的发育与结构 4.1 雌蕊的起源雌蕊的起源————心皮心皮 Carpel is modified leaf 心皮是变态的叶子心皮是变态的叶子1）） Single pistid --- from one carpel 单雌蕊（单心皮）单雌蕊（单心皮）e.g. Fabaceae 豆科豆科 (Leguminosae) Prunus (Rosaceae) 李属（蔷薇科）李属（蔷薇科）Cercis chinensis (Redbud 紫荆紫荆)Prunus Prunus salicina (李李)2））Apocarpous gynoecium --- from more than one simple carpel but not united 离生心皮雌蕊群离生心皮雌蕊群e.g. Rosoideae 蔷薇亚科蔷薇亚科 Magnoliaceae 木兰科木兰科Ranunculaceae 毛茛科毛茛科 Magnolia denudata 白玉兰白玉兰Ranunculus japonicus 毛茛毛茛Duchesnea indica 蛇莓蛇莓3））Syncarpous pistil --- from more than one carpel but united --- compound pistil 合生心皮雌蕊合生心皮雌蕊 --- 复雌蕊复雌蕊e.g. Most Angiosperm 大多数被子植物大多数被子植物But there are different types: Dianthus sp. 石竹属石竹属3））Syncarpous pistil --- from more than one carpel but united --- compound pistil 合生心皮雌蕊合生心皮雌蕊 --- 复雌蕊复雌蕊Polyponum sp. 蓼属蓼属Gypsophila sp. 霞草属霞草属Alternanthera sp. 莲子草属莲子草属1 1231231231、柱头；、柱头；2、花柱；、花柱；3、子房、子房 1) 柱头：雌蕊顶端接受花粉的部位；其表皮细胞向外伸长成柱头：雌蕊顶端接受花粉的部位；其表皮细胞向外伸长成毛状，称乳突细胞。

毛状，称乳突细胞 2) 花柱花柱：连接柱头与子房，是花粉管到达子房的通道连接柱头与子房，是花粉管到达子房的通道 3) 子房子房：雌蕊基部膨大的部分，由子房壁、子房室、胎座：雌蕊基部膨大的部分，由子房壁、子房室、胎座和胚珠组成和胚珠组成柱头柱头花柱花柱子房子房4.2 Composition of pistil 雌蕊的结构组成雌蕊的结构组成Wet stigma 湿柱头湿柱头 e.g. Nicotiana 烟草属烟草属 Citrus 柑橘属柑橘属Dry stigma 干柱头干柱头 Brassica 油菜属油菜属 Gossypium 棉属棉属Types of style柱头类型柱头类型Types of style花柱的类型花柱的类型Solid style 实心型实心型 e.g. Gossynium 棉属棉属Hollow style 空心型空心型Citrus 柑橘属柑橘属花柱道花柱道花柱沟花柱沟引导组织引导组织Structures of ovary 子房的结构子房的结构 Position of ovary 子房的位置子房的位置There are three types of ovary positions:A superior ovary (e.g. tulip 郁金香郁金香) is situated on the receptacle above the points of origin of the perianth parts and androecium（雄蕊群）（雄蕊群）. In an inferior ovary (e.g. daffodil 水仙水仙 ) the other floral parts are attached at the top of the ovary. Calyx, corolla, and androecium fused to form a flower tube, or hypanthium (花筒）花筒）. Some plants (e.g. Sambucus 接骨木接骨木) is a half-inferior ovary in which the hypanthium is adnate to only the lower half of the ovary. 子房的结构：子房的结构：Ovary wall（（子房壁）子房壁）Ovary locule（（子房室）子房室）Ovules（（胚珠）胚珠）Placenta（（胎座）胎座）Dorsa suture & bundle背缝线和背束背缝线和背束Ventral suture & bundle腹缝线和腹束腹缝线和腹束Lilium sp. ovary 百合子房横切百合子房横切子房壁子房壁子房室子房室胎座胎座胚珠胚珠子子房房横横切切面面结结构构棉棉属属Placentae are variously positioned within the ovaries of different plants.The type of placentation depends on the structure of the ovary.特立中央特立中央中轴中轴侧膜侧膜胎座类型对植物的分类是重胎座类型对植物的分类是重要的。

要的Polycarpous ovary & parietal placentation in poppy 罂粟的多心皮子房与特殊的侧膜胎座罂粟的多心皮子房与特殊的侧膜胎座Fused margins of numerous carpels grow deeply into a one-locular ovaryCentral-angular placentation in bilocular ovary and in trilocular ovary 2室子房和室子房和3室子房的中轴胎座室子房的中轴胎座4. 3 Structures and development of ovule 胚珠的发育与结构胚珠的发育与结构Chalaza 合点合点Nucellus 珠心珠心Embryo sac 胚囊胚囊Outer integument外珠被外珠被Inner integument 内珠被内珠被Micropyle 珠孔珠孔Funiculus 珠柄珠柄The most common type of megaspore- & megagameto-geneses show here is a bitegmic tenuinucellate anatropous ovule, appearing in the majority of plants.1））Development of ovule 胚珠的发育胚珠的发育(1)最常见的大孢子发生类型是：双珠被、最常见的大孢子发生类型是：双珠被、薄珠心、倒生胚珠薄珠心、倒生胚珠 DivisionSome cells near ovary wall ------------- --- nucellusOvule primordium 珠心珠心 --- funiculus 珠柄珠柄both integuments 双珠被双珠被develop bitegmic(nu = nucellus). Note the lack of the integuments. (ii = inner integument; oi = outer integument)2））Development of ovule 胚珠的发育胚珠的发育(2)A big cell in nucellusstarts development Arehesporial孢原细胞孢原细胞A embryo-sac mother cell, EMC 胚囊母细胞胚囊母细胞Growth directlyParietal cell周缘细胞周缘细胞Sporogenous cell造孢细胞造孢细胞crassinucellus珠心珠心Mitosisembryo-sac mother cellMost plantsLilium sp.Megasporegenesis starts with meiotic division of the diploid megasporecyte 二倍体大孢子母细胞开始减数分裂二倍体大孢子母细胞开始减数分裂Ends with the formation of tetrad of haploid megaspores（单核胚囊）（单核胚囊）. Of tetrad spores (四分体）四分体）only a chalazal one （合点那个）（合点那个）becomes functional--other three degenerate.3））Development of ovule 胚珠的发育胚珠的发育(3)EMCCarex sp. 莎草科苔属莎草科苔属Process of from EMC to tetrad spores in LiliumProcess of from EMC to tetrad spores in ZeaTypes of megasporogenesis 大孢子发生的类型大孢子发生的类型Polygonum type 蓼型蓼型(单孢型）单孢型）In 70% angiosperme, tetrad spores (四分体）四分体）only a chalazal one （合点端那个）（合点端那个）becomes functional Megaspore (大孢子），大孢子），other three degenerate点（解体）点（解体）.Megaspore ------ 3 times of mitosis --- 8 nucleus --- mature (Single nuclear embryo sacembryo sac)seven cells embryo sac includes the egg and two synergids (representing the egg apparatus in the micropylar region of the sac), the central cell and, in the chalazal region, three antipodals. Structure of mature embryo sac 成熟胚囊的结构成熟胚囊的结构three antipodals 反足细胞反足细胞 the central cell 中央细胞中央细胞Synergids助细胞助细胞 chalazalmicropylarthe egg Orthotropous crassinucellate bitegmic ovules in (Polygonum sp.) . 直生的双珠被、厚珠心胚珠直生的双珠被、厚珠心胚珠O = obturator, II = inner integument, OT = outer integument, S = synergids, N = nucellus (megasporangium), E = egg cell, SN = secondary nucleus of central cell, ES = embryo sac, A = antipodals, H = hypostase, C = chalaza, VB = vascular bundle, and F = funiculus Structure of mature embryo sac --- megagametophyte成熟胚囊成熟胚囊--- 雌配子体的结构雌配子体的结构 Seven cells and eight nucleusAnatropous tenuinucellate unitegmic ovule in sedge莎草的倒生薄珠心胚珠莎草的倒生薄珠心胚珠The drawing portrays structural changes of a sedge (Carex sp.) ovule at three early developmental stagesCharacterization of mature Megagametophyte 成熟胚囊（雌配子体）的特化成熟胚囊（雌配子体）的特化Synergids contain filiform apparatusThe egg cell and Synergids are highly polar.Central cell has a big Vacuole (液泡）液泡）, and polar Nucleus sometime fused intoone secondary nuceus. The antipodals are variable. 双孢型胚囊，双孢型胚囊， no tetrad四孢型胚囊，四孢型胚囊， have a triploid nucleus ( antipodes and polar nucleus)Campylotropous tenuinucellate bitegmic ovules in spiderwort (Tradescantia sp.) 紫露草的弯生薄珠心、双珠被胚珠紫露草的弯生薄珠心、双珠被胚珠Identify：： ovary wall, integuments and developing embryo sacs.Development of other embryo sacsIn Calendula officinalis 金盏菊金盏菊(Asteraceae) the fully mature and ready to be doubly fertilized embryo sac is 7-celled and 8-nucleate. 直生直生弯生弯生横生横生Section 8 Anthesis, pollination and fertilization第八节第八节开花、传粉与受精开花、传粉与受精1. Anthesis 开花开花花中雌、雄蕊成熟时，花萼、花冠开放露出雌、雄蕊的现象。

花中雌、雄蕊成熟时，花萼、花冠开放露出雌、雄蕊的现象开花期（开花期（Blooming stage））：：一株植物上第一朵花开放到最后一朵花开毕所经历的时间一株植物上第一朵花开放到最后一朵花开毕所经历的时间Calycanthus sp.夏腊梅夏腊梅2. Pollination 传粉粉2.1 Self-pollination 自花传粉自花传粉pollens are transferred to stigma of same flowers.e.g. wheat, rice, cotton, Citrus , peach, tomato, et al. Classical: cleistogamy 闭花受精闭花受精e.g. pea 豌豆豌豆; barley 大麦大麦; Concept: process that pollens from one flower are transferred to stigma of another flowers. 2.2 Cross-pollination 异花传粉：异花传粉：In crops, different flowers in same individual or even in one cultivar between flowers from different individuals.It is a evolutionary character. 是进化的特征。

是进化的特征 2.3 Adaptation to cross-pollination 植物对异花传粉的适应植物对异花传粉的适应Corn (Zea) is a Monoecious plantAdaptation to cross-pollination 植物对异花传粉的适应植物对异花传粉的适应Stamens first mature in sunflower, pear and apple. Primula’ flower 报春花属报春花属Adaptation to cross-pollination 植物对异花传粉的适应植物对异花传粉的适应Primula sp. 报春花属报春花属Adaptation to cross-pollination 植物对异花传粉的适应植物对异花传粉的适应(4) Self-sterility 自花不孕自花不孕One case is that pollens cannot germinate on the stigma, e.g. sunflower.花粉不能萌发；花粉不能萌发；Another case is that pollentube of self-pollen grows Slowly.　　花粉管生长慢花粉管生长慢2.4 Medium of cross-pollination 异花传粉的媒介异花传粉的媒介(1)　　Wind, --- Anemophilous flowers or plants　　风媒花及风媒植物　　风媒花及风媒植物e.g. Gymnosperme 裸子植物；裸子植物；Poaceae 禾本科　　禾本科　　Juglandaceae 胡桃科；胡桃科；Ulmaceae 榆科榆科Myridaceae 杨梅科杨梅科 populus 杨属；杨属；Betula 桦树桦树Lack of perianth (花被）花被）or reduce，，Filament longer, pollens small and light, and stigma (柱头）柱头）bigger. Characters of anemophilous flowers in Poaceae　　禾本科风媒花特征　　禾本科风媒花特征Medium of cross-pollination 异花传粉的媒介异花传粉的媒介(2) Insects --- entomophilous flowers or plants　　虫媒花及虫媒植物　　虫媒花及虫媒植物Paeonia sp. 芍药属芍药属A bumblebee on a Aster sp. Inflorescence 紫菀属植物紫菀属植物Characters of entomophilous flowers 　　虫媒花特征　　虫媒花特征Beetles (甲虫）甲虫）in a flowerOf Hydnora sp.Hawkmoth and Lonicera sp.天蛾与忍冬植物天蛾与忍冬植物 Flowers are bigger and beautiful color, smell and bectary; pollen is bigger. 色、气味、蜜腺等色、气味、蜜腺等 Wasplike flower of Ophrys像黄蜂一样的兰花像黄蜂一样的兰花Spider and Orchids’ flower蜘蛛蟹与兰花蜘蛛蟹与兰花With a large landing platformDifferent entomophilous flowers 各式各样的各式各样的虫媒花虫媒花Mint, 薄荷薄荷Wasp and zebra orchid黄蜂与斑马兰黄蜂与斑马兰Medium of cross-pollination 异花传粉的媒介异花传粉的媒介(3) Bird-pollinated flowers　　鸟媒花　　鸟媒花Honeyeater and bell-fruited mallee;蜜雀和钟果桉（澳大利亚）蜜雀和钟果桉（澳大利亚）A hummingbird and Fuchsia蜂鸟与倒挂金钟花（柳叶菜科）蜂鸟与倒挂金钟花（柳叶菜科）Medium of cross-pollination 异花传粉的媒介异花传粉的媒介(4) mammal-pollinated flowers　哺乳动物传粉植物　哺乳动物传粉植物A short-nosed bat and Bonana短鼻蝙蝠和香蕉树短鼻蝙蝠和香蕉树A tihy australian honey-possumAnd coral gum (Eucalyptus sp.)澳大利亚蜜鼠和桉树澳大利亚蜜鼠和桉树Medium of cross-pollination 异花传粉的媒介异花传粉的媒介(5) water-pollinated plants　水媒植物　水媒植物A aquatic ribbon weed ( Vallisneria sp.) release their flowers as “pollen boats” 水生的苦草属植物水生的苦草属植物A large female flower Insects’ eye 昆虫的眼睛昆虫的眼睛Flowers of the evening primrose ( Oenothera) are uniform in color to the human eye，，but insects see a different pattern in UV light (紫外光）紫外光）. 3. Fertilization 受精受精Concept:The fusion of sperm and egg. (1) Pollens germinate and the pollen tube growsRecognition and germination on stigma在柱头上识别并萌发在柱头上识别并萌发Generative cell divides into two sperms (精子）精子）in tube.70% angiosperm belongs to thispattern.Three cells pollen in some plants(2) pollen tube grows into the ovary 花粉管进入子房花粉管进入子房Pathway 途径途径: • from micropylar mostly --- porogamy 珠孔受精珠孔受精•　　chalazal　合点　　　　合点　　　　　　　chalazogamy　合点受精　合点受精 e.g. Juglans 胡桃属胡桃属•　　mesogamy 中部受精中部受精　　the tube into ovary betweenChalazal and micropylar, e.g. Cucubita 南瓜属南瓜属(3) Charecters of double fertilization 双受精特点双受精特点in Calendula officinalis: Triploid primary endosperm nucleus Two spermsSignificance of double fertilization 双受精意义双受精意义双受精是被子植物所特有的现象。

双受精是被子植物所特有的现象两个染色体单倍的精卵细胞的融合，把父、母双亲的遗传物两个染色体单倍的精卵细胞的融合，把父、母双亲的遗传物质重新组合，形成了兼有父母双重遗传性的合子；形成了三倍质重新组合，形成了兼有父母双重遗传性的合子；形成了三倍体的初生胚乳核，同样兼有父、母本的遗传特性，子代变异性体的初生胚乳核，同样兼有父、母本的遗传特性，子代变异性更大，生活力更强，更适应环境的变化更大，生活力更强，更适应环境的变化Influence of environment on pollination and fertilization环境条件对传粉、受精的影响环境条件对传粉、受精的影响Inner factors: 花粉败育或雄性不育、花粉粒与雌蕊柱头间的不花粉败育或雄性不育、花粉粒与雌蕊柱头间的不亲和性以及植株营养不良等引起亲和性以及植株营养不良等引起Outer factors: 气候条件、栽培措施和环境污染等受精的最气候条件、栽培措施和环境污染等受精的最适温度是适温度是26～～30oC，最适湿度为，最适湿度为70～～80%受精后子房及胚珠各结构部分的发育受精后子房及胚珠各结构部分的发育子房壁子房壁果皮果皮子房室子房室胎座胎座子房子房珠柄珠柄种柄种柄合点合点珠被珠被种皮种皮珠心珠心消失或成外胚乳消失或成外胚乳胚珠胚珠反足细胞反足细胞消失消失中央细胞（中央细胞（2个极核）个极核）受精受精受精极核受精极核胚乳胚乳胚囊胚囊卵细胞（雌配子）卵细胞（雌配子）受精受精受精卵受精卵胚胚助细胞助细胞消失消失珠孔珠孔种孔种孔Section 9 Forming, Structure and Development of Seeds第九节第九节种子的形成、结构及生长发育种子的形成、结构及生长发育After fertilization, zygote (合子）合子）develops into embryo（胚）（胚）, and primary endosperm nucleus （初生（初生胚乳核）胚乳核）into Endosperm（胚乳）（胚乳）, then Integument （珠被）（珠被）becomes seed coat.(种皮种皮)1. development of embryo 胚的发育胚的发育1. 1 Development of embryo in Dicots 双子叶植物胚的发育双子叶植物胚的发育 1））The zygote has a short resting stage (休眠期休眠期)，， then unequally divides into two cells: terminal & basal cells （顶细胞和基细胞）（顶细胞和基细胞） 2）） Two-celled embryo: （（2细胞胚）细胞胚） Difference in Ultrastructure between terminal & basal cells　　Proembryo protrudes into endosperm.3）） Proembryo 原胚期原胚期 4）） Globular stage: 球形胚阶段球形胚阶段 5）） Cordate embryo stage: 心形胚阶段心形胚阶段 6）） Torpedo embryo stage: 鱼雷形胚阶段鱼雷形胚阶段 7））Mature seed and embryo: 成熟种子和胚成熟种子和胚Embryo fills space enclosed within seed coat.Integuments transformed into seed coat.珠被形成种皮珠被形成种皮1 = shoot apical meristem; 2 = seed coat; 3 = cotyledon; 4 = procambium; 5 = hypocotyl; 6 = pericarp (fruit wall); 7 = radicle (embryonic root); 8 = basal cell of suspensor; 9 = funiculus 1.2 Development of embryo in Monocots 单子叶植物胚的发育单子叶植物胚的发育凹凹沟沟期期玉玉米米颖颖果果及及成成熟熟胚胚颖颖果果胚胚2. Development of endosperm 胚乳发育胚乳发育 2.1 核型胚乳核型胚乳 (nuclear type) 2.2 细胞型胚乳细胞型胚乳(cellular type) Solanaceae 茄科茄科 2.3 沼生目胚乳沼生目胚乳 (helobial type) 慈菇、独尾草属慈菇、独尾草属（（Eremurus sp.）） *** prosembryum 外胚乳外胚乳少数植物的珠心组织能够随种子的发育而形成一种类似胚少数植物的珠心组织能够随种子的发育而形成一种类似胚乳的营养贮藏组织，称为外胚乳。

乳的营养贮藏组织，称为外胚乳Section 10 Development, structure and spread 第十节第十节果实的发育、结构及其对传播的适应果实的发育、结构及其对传播的适应外果皮外果皮中中果皮果皮内果皮内果皮种子种子真真果果的的结结构构花托发育的部分花托发育的部分外果皮外果皮中中果皮果皮内果皮内果皮种子种子假假果果的的结结构构核果核果荚果荚果坚果坚果蒴果蒴果浆果浆果聚合瘦果聚合瘦果梨果梨果浆果浆果聚花果：聚花果：考试提要•秋学期理论考试：秋学期理论考试：20%（复习题）（复习题）•秋学期实验考试：秋学期实验考试：15%（认知与操作）（认知与操作）•秋学期平时成绩：秋学期平时成绩：5%（实验报告）（实验报告）•冬学期理论考试：冬学期理论考试：40%（花及系统分类）（花及系统分类）•冬学期实验考试：冬学期实验考试：15%（认知与分类技术）（认知与分类技术）•冬学期平时成绩：冬学期平时成绩：5%（实验报告）（实验报告）。