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植物高光效研究进展

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2025-05-10 22:03

摘要： 光合作用是植物生长发育的基础，培育对光能具有高效利用能力的植物品种，对于提升植物的生产水平将起到重要的作用。高光效植物是具有高光能利用效率的植物，绿色植物在进行光合作用时，首先通过叶片上的捕光天线系统捕获太阳能，并在光系统复合体中心将其转化为电能；其次，电子进一步在光合膜的各个蛋白复合体和电子传递体上进行传导，将能量储存在ATP和NAD(P)H中。最终，光能在植物体内转化为化学能并以有机物的形式储存。围绕如何提高植物光能利用效率，综述了目前植物高光效研究的3个重点方向：一是在植物光合作用中提高光能的吸收、加快电子的传递与能量转化；二是减少光能的损失；三是提高碳同化效率。同时，提出目前研究主要存在的不足，包括特定条件下对植物进行的单一研究、缺少对植物群体光合性能研究以及缺少“源-库”关系的研究等问题。在此基础上，结合全基因组关联分析、新兴的合成生物技术以及叶际微生物研究的成果，对未来发展进行展望，以期对植物高光效的研究提供指导，并为提高我国作物产量提供理论支撑。

关键词: 植物, 光合作用, 高光效, 光能利用率

Abstract: It is of great significance to improve the crop planting benefit by improving the technical level of crop production. Photosynthesis is the basis of plant growth and development. It will play an important role in improving the production level of plants, by cultivating the plant varieties with efficient utilization of light energy. The high photosynthetic efficiency plants are the plants with high light efficiency. In the process of photosynthesis, green plants firstly capture solar energy through the light-harvesting antenna system on the leaves, and convert it into electrical energy at the complex center of the photosystems. Then, the electrons are further transferred to each protein complex and electron transporter of the photosynthetic membrane, and the energy is stored in ATP and NAD(P)H. Finally, the light energy is converted into chemical energy and stored as organic matter in plants. Focusing on how to improve the utilization efficiency of light energy in plants, we reviewed three important researches in this paper, including increasing the absorption of light energy, accelerating the transfer of electrons and energy transformation during photosynthesis, reducing the loss of light energy and improving the efficiency of carbon assimilation. Meanwhile, this paper pointed out the main shortcomings of the current research, including the single research of plants under the specific conditions, the lack of research on photosynthetic performance of plant population and the lack of research on the source-sink. On this basis, combining the recent research of the genome-wide association analysis, the emerging synthetic biotechnology and the phyllosphere microorganism, the future development was prospected, which will offer guidance to the research of the high photosynthetic efficiency in plants, and provide an important theoretical support for improving the crop yield in China.

Key words: plant, photosynthesis, high photosynthetic efficiency, light energy utilization efficiency

中图分类号:

Q943.2

S184