首页分享科普 | 看到这些“变态叶”，你有没有仔细想过叶片形状的问题？

科普 | 看到这些“变态叶”，你有没有仔细想过叶片形状的问题？

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2025-05-06 23:41

来源 / 无界田园（ID：bvgarden）

一问：为什么同一棵树叶子形状会不一样？

二问：为什么明明是差别很大的植物，叶子形状会这么像？

三问：为什么在我的眼里，植物的叶子长得都是一个样子，在植物学家眼里就千差万别？

总问：植物的叶子是怎么长成千姿百态的？植物的叶子为什么要长成这个样子？

首先要列举一些概念，这些概念是跟叶的形状有关的，是对叶子形状的现象的描述，并不是叶形态本身的一些术语。

···同株异形···

同一株植物不同部位的叶片形状不同

水毛茛：水毛茛的水上的气生叶和水下的沉水叶明显是两种形状。在这个例子中，叶的形状与叶生长的部位有关。在许多漂浮或者挺水的水生植物当中，常常见到这种现象。

···叶的变态···

苞片与总苞

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鱼腥草/蕺[jí]菜：花其实是一个花序（很多花排在一起），白色花瓣一样的东西，其实是变态的叶——总苞。

···鳞叶···

洋葱：如果你愿意一层一层一层地拨开我的心，你会发现，你会讶异，每一层其实都是我的叶子……

···叶卷须···

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豌豆：复叶的顶端变态为卷须

···捕虫叶···

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匙叶茅膏菜：叶互生或基生而莲座状密集，被头状粘腺毛，幼叶常拳卷；托叶膜质，常条裂。

···叶状柄···

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台湾相思：平时见到的都是叶状柄，只有刚刚长出来的叶可以看到羽状复叶。

···叶刺···

仙人掌：为了能在干旱的沙漠里生存下去，仙人掌需要尽量减少水分散失，它的“进化策略”就是，叶片缩小再缩小，变成刺！光合作用什么的就交给茎去干吧！

···无性繁殖叶···

落地生根：通过叶进行无性繁殖,叶在进行无性繁殖时生根发芽可以不受水份、阳光、泥土的影响。

说了这么多，总结一下的意思就是

叶片的形态与功能相适应

叶片长成什么样

是跟其完成什么功能密切相关的

结构与功能相适应的一个后果，就是相似的环境会造就相似的结构。譬如干旱地区的植物，叶片就会比较小、窄、短粗；而同样是肉质、多汁、肥厚的多肉植物，其亲缘关系却可能差得非常远。

植物前沿（ID:pl-frontier）

学习的人都在这里