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北京地区珍稀鸟类生态分布的GIS分析

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2025-03-16 17:05

摘要: 为研究生物多样性恢复态势及其分布特点,借助ArcGIS 9.3地理信息系统软件建立了基于GIS的北京地区9目66种国家重点保护鸟类的生态分布数据库,并对不同时期的分布范围进行了分析。结果显示,珍稀鸟类的总体分布呈现相对集中的态势,在山区多见于植被良好的原生林区、水库与河流附近,在平原区主要见于人为干扰较少的城市公园和绿地,在农耕区则出现大片空白。通过对比国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类在20世纪90年代前后的生态分布发现,动物活动位点较分散,但随着时间的推移,新出现3个目珍稀鸟类(雁形目中华秋沙鸭、鸡形目褐马鸡、鴴形目遗鸥),原有3个目的分布位点也出现扩展。国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类的分布位点呈现较为明显的扩张,新出现花尾榛鸡和蓑羽鹤,但黑浮鸥和黑脸琵鹭未见分布。这些结果表明,随着北京市森林和湿地生态系统的修复与重建,珍稀鸟类的总体生态分布呈现良性恢复,但也存在珍稀物种消失的现象,因此,加强野生动物栖息地保护依然是一个长期的生态环境建设过程。GIS数据库为今后建设北京地区珍稀野生动物生态分布管理平台奠定了基础,对于从景观层次提出野生动物种群及栖息地保护对策有着重要的应用价值。

Abstract: In order to figure out the status of biodiversity restoration and distribution characteristics, we applied ArcGIS 9.3 software system to establish a GIS database for the ecological distribution of 66 species of birds under state key protection belonging to nine orders, and analyzed the distribution trend at different periods. The results showed that the overall distribution of the rare birds was concentrated around original forests with high quality vegetation, reservoirs and big rivers in mountainous areas, city parks and woodlands with less human disturbance in plain areas; however, there was no distribution in farmland areas. Comparing the ecological distribution sites of birds under State Key Protection Class I before and after the 1990s, it was found that the distribution was sparse, but three new species appeared after the 1990s, namely Chinese merganser (Mergus squamatus), brown eared pheasant (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) and relict gull (Larus relictus). Furthermore, the distribution sites of previous three orders expanded. The birds under State Key Protection Class II also had an expansion trend in distribution with two new species of the hazel grouse (Bonasa bonasia) and demoiselle crane (Grus virgo); however, the black tern (Chlidonias niger) and black-faced spoonbill (Platalea minor) could not be found. The above results revealed that there is a positive recover for the overall distribution of the rare birds with the restoration of forests and wetlands in Beijing. The fact that some species disappeared recently indicated that protection of the habitat of wildlife is still a long-term process of constructing ecological environment. The GIS database lays the groundwork for building the management platform of rare wild animal distributions in Beijing, and possesses the important applicable value for the measures of protecting the wild animal populations and their habitats at landscape level.

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