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中华猕猴桃Actinidia chinensis Planch.

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2025-01-02 19:51

别名：kiwi;公羊桃;藤梨;羊桃藤;洋桃;野洋桃;木子;山洋桃;杨桃;白毛桃;木伦敦果;苌楚;公洋桃;鬼桃;基维果;毛桃子;猕猴梨;毛梨子;茅桃;洋桃根;羊桃;毛猕猴桃;绳梨;毛叶猕猴桃;毛轮子;毛梨;毛狗卵;马铃桃;山羊桃;猕猴桃【商品名】;地盘蛇;硬毛猕猴桃;野羊桃;红藤梨;阳桃;猕猴桃;

科名：猕猴桃科 Actinidiaceae

属名：猕猴桃属 Actinidia

《中国植物志》第49(2)卷260页
  46. 中华猕猴桃（植物学杂志）阳桃，羊桃，羊桃藤，藤梨，猕猴桃
  Actinidia chinensis Planch. in London Journ. Bot. 6: 303. 1847; Oliv. in Hook. Icon. Pl. 15: t. 1593. 1887; Dunn in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 39: 408. 1911, p. p.; Rehd. in Sarg. Pl. Wils. 2: 385. 1915, P. P. ; Merr.＆Chun in Sunyatsenia 1: 70. 1930; Li in Journ. Arn. Arb. 33: 55-56. 1952, p. p.
  大型落叶藤本；幼一枝或厚或薄地被有灰白色茸毛或褐色长硬毛或铁锈色硬毛状刺毛，老时秃净或留有断损残毛；花枝短的4-5厘米，长的15-20厘米，直径4-6毫米；隔年枝完全秃净无毛，直径5-8毫米，皮孔长圆形，比较显著或不甚显著；髓白色至淡褐色，片层状。叶纸质，倒阔卵形至倒卵形或阔卵形至近圆形，长6-17厘米，宽7-15厘米，顶端截平形并中间凹入或具突尖、急尖至短渐尖，基部钝圆形、截平形至浅心形，边缘具脉出的直伸的睫状小齿，腹面深绿色，无毛或中脉和侧脉上有少量软毛或散被短糙毛，背面苍绿色，密被灰白色或淡褐色星状绒毛，侧脉5-8对，常在中部以上分歧成叉状，横脉比较发达，易见，网状小脉不易见；叶柄长3-6(-10)厘米，被灰白色茸毛或黄褐色长硬毛或铁锈色硬毛状刺毛。聚伞花序1-3花，花序柄长7-15毫米，花柄长9-15毫米；苞片小，卵形或钻形，长约1毫米，均被灰白色丝状绒毛或黄褐色茸毛；花初放时白色，放后变淡黄色，有香气，直径1.8-3.5厘米；萼片3-7片，通常5片，阔卵形至卵状长圆形，长6-10毫米，两面密被压紧的黄褐色绒毛；花瓣5片，有时少至3-4片或多至6-7片，阔倒卵形，有短距，长10-20毫米，宽6-17毫米；雄蕊极多，花丝狭条形，长5-10毫米，花药黄色，长圆形，长1.5-2毫米，基部叉开或不叉开；子房球形，径约5毫米，密被金黄色的压紧交织绒毛或不压紧不交织的刷毛状糙毛，花柱狭条形。果黄褐色，近球形、圆柱形、倒卵形或椭圆形，长4-6厘米，被茸毛、长硬毛或刺毛状长硬毛，成熟时秃净或不秃净，具小而多的淡褐色斑点；宿存萼片反折；种子纵径2.5毫米。
  本种果实是本属中最大的一种，从生产利用情况说又是本属中经济意义最大的一种。据分析（《植物学杂志》1974年第2期，李欣、印万芬：猕猴桃），果实的维生素含量每100克鲜样中一般为100-200毫克，高的达400毫克，约为柑桔5-10倍；含糖类8-14% ，酸类1.4-2-0％，还含酪氨酸等氨基酸12种。
  分为3个变种。
形态特征：本质藤本。茎枝粗，髓大，白色，呈薄片状；幼枝带红色，被浅棕黄色毛。单叶互生，约质，圆形、卵团圆形或倒卵形，长8-17厘米，先端平截、微凹或有小短尖，基部近圆形或浅心形，稍不对称，边缘有刺毛状齿，上面绿色，脉上被白毛，下面密生灰棕色星状毛茸，细脉平行，脉目具红棕色毛。聚伞花序腋生，有花3-6朵；花单性，初时乳白色后变为橙黄色；萼片5，外被黄绒毛，花瓣5，近圆形，先端内凹或缺，雄蕊多数，花丝长短不等；子房上位，密生黄色绒毛，多室，每室1胚珠；花柱多数，呈放射状。浆果椭圆形，密被棕色长毛，有香气。种子细小，多数，黑色，花期4-6月，果期8-9月。
分布：恩施、宜昌、郧阳、襄阳、咸宁、黄冈
生境：生长在山地林间或灌木丛中
繁殖方式：种子
习性：阳生
药用部位：根、叶、果实
药用功能：清热利湿，活血抗癌。
药用主治：用于风湿性关节炎、痢疾、肝炎、丝虫病等

《Flora of China》 Vol. 12 (2007)
Actinidia chinensis Planchon
中华猕猴桃 zhong hua mi hou tao
Climbing shrubs, large, deciduous. Branchlets reddish, with paler oblong lenticels, young branchlets white pubescent to brownish long strigose or densely ferruginous hispid-setose; pith whitish to brown, large, lamellate. Petiole 3-6(-10) cm, white pubescent or brownish long strigose to densely ferruginous hispid-setose; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, broadly ovate to broadly obovate or suborbicular, 6-17 × 7-15 cm, papery, abaxially whitish or brownish stellate tomentose, adaxially usually glabrous, occasionally ± puberulent, especially more densely so on midvein and lateral veins, or densely scabrid-hispid throughout, midvein and lateral veins conspicuous abaxially, subconspicuous adaxially, lateral veins 5-8 pairs, furcate above middle, veinlets in parallel cross-bars, conspicuous abaxially, base rounded to truncate to cordatulate, margin setose-serrulate with teeth terminating tips of veinlets, apex truncate to emarginate to abruptly cuspidate or shortly acuminate. Inflorescences cymose, 1-3-flowered, white silky-tomentose or yellowish brown velutinous; peduncles 0.7-1.5 cm; pedicels 0.9-1.5 cm; bracts linear, ca. 1 mm. Flowers orange-yellow. Sepals (3-)5(-7), broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, 6-10 mm, both surfaces densely yellowish tomentose. Petals (3-)5(-8), rarely with a second whorl of 2 smaller petals, broadly obovate, 1-2 cm, shortly clawed at base, rounded at apex. Filaments 5-10 mm; anthers yellow, oblong, 1.5-2 mm, sagittate at base or not, apex acute to rounded. Ovary globose, ca. 5 mm in diam., densely golden villous. Fruit subglobose to cylindric to obovoid or ellipsoidal, 4-6 cm, densely tomentose when young, glabrous when mature to densely hispid, with many brownish lenticels; persistent sepals reflexed. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Sep. 2n = 58*, 116*, 174*.
● Mountain forests, sparse secondary forests, tall grassy thickets on low mountains, thickets; 200-2600 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
The producer of kiwifruit, this taxon is widely cultivated in China and elsewhere.

Actinidia chinensis var. lageniformis S. Y. Wang & C. F. Chen (J. Henan Agric. Coll. 4: 82. 1981) and A. chinensis var. nephrocarpa S. Y. Wang & C. F. Chen (loc. cit.), both described from Henan, could not be treated here because no material was seen by the authors.