草甘膦的教训：农药的生物降解对生物多样性无害吗？

草甘膦的教训：农药的生物降解对生物多样性无害吗？

摘要

通过草甘膦的例子及其对淡水生物多样性的影响，重新审视了农药快速生物降解作为环境风险评估中一个缓解因素的历史观点。国家机构常用的农药环境风险评估标准化方法主要依赖于单一物种测试，忽略了生态系统错综复杂的性质。草甘膦是使用最广泛的农药之一，在市场上号称可快速生物降解，通常被认为相对无害。然而，草甘膦降解后会向环境中释放磷，导致水系统的营养状态向富营养化方向转变，进而影响水质。这些发现凸显了草甘膦生物降解对生态产生的连锁反应，推动了特定水生生物（如微囊藻和底栖生物）的增殖，从而改变了生态系统结构和动态。这项研究探讨了商业杀虫剂配方带来的挑战，并调查了杀虫剂与特定人为因素相互作用的后果。草甘膦与入侵贻贝 Limnoperna fortunei 的相互作用就是一个很好的例子，它加剧了整体情况的恶化。所分析的生态框架挑战了农药生物降解本质上是中性或积极事件的传统观念。研究结果强调，有必要重新评估生物降解本身在农药环境影响评估中的作用。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

Glyphosate lessons: is biodegradation of pesticides a harmless process for biodiversity?

The historical perspective on the rapid biodegradation of pesticides as a mitigating factor in environmental risk assessment is reexamined through the example of glyphosate and its implications for freshwater biodiversity. Commonly employed standardized methods by national agencies for assessing the environmental risk of pesticides predominantly rely on single-species tests, overlooking the intricate nature of ecosystems. Glyphosate, one of the most widely used pesticides marketed for its purported rapid biodegradability, is often perceived as relatively innocuous. However, its degradation releases phosphorus into the environment, inducing a trophic state shift in water systems towards more eutrophic conditions, consequently affecting water quality. These findings highlight the cascading ecological repercussions of glyphosate biodegradation, driving the proliferation of specific aquatic organisms, such as picocyanobacteria and metaphyton, resulting in the alteration of ecosystem structure and dynamics. The study explores challenges posed by commercial pesticide formulations and investigates the consequences of pesticide interactions with specific anthropogenic factors. A case in point is the interaction of glyphosate with the invasive mussel Limnoperna fortunei, exacerbating the overall scenario. The ecological framework analyzed challenges the conventional notion that pesticide biodegradation is inherently a neutral or positive event. The results underscore the necessity of reassessing the role of biodegradation itself in environmental impact assessments for pesticides.

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