近30年四川省土壤pH时空变化特征研究

摘要:

目的

酸碱性(pH)是重要的土壤化学指标，影响着土壤质量和土壤健康状况。研究土壤pH的时空变化特征为农业生产和耕地质量管理提供借鉴。

方法

研究数据包括1979—1985年(1980s)全国第二次土壤普查和2005—2014年(2010s)测土配方施肥项目期间四川省土壤pH的调查数据。利用ArcGIS 10.2软件中 “Spatial Analyst”模块和反距离权重(inverse distance weighted, IDW)插值方法对土壤pH进行空间插值，获得土壤pH空间分布图；利用ArcGIS 10.2软件中栅格计算器获得两个时期的土壤pH变化状况，并统计分析不同土壤pH分级空间和面积变化。

结果

四川省土壤pH平均值由1980s的7.0降低至2010s的6.54。1980s时期四川省土壤pH在强酸性(pH≤4.5)、酸性(4.5<pH≤5.5)、弱酸性(5.5<pH≤6.5)、中性(6.5<pH≤7.5)、弱碱性(7.5<pH≤8.5)和碱性(8.5<pH≤9.0)的面积占比分别为0.09%、14.58%、53.17%、12.57%、19.58%和0.01%。2010s时期，以上7个土壤pH分级的面积占比分别为0.06%、4.45%、30.41%、48.65%、16.40%和0.04%。从1980s到2010s期间，四川省土壤pH值升高的面积比例为49.63%，主要分布在四川西部地区，土壤pH值降低的面积比例为20.13%，主要分布在川中丘陵区。成都平原区各分级pH土壤面积变化较少，弱酸性土壤面积略增加，碱性土壤面积略减少。川中丘陵区酸性土壤面积占比增加，碱性土壤面积减少。盆周山区酸性和碱性土壤面积减少，中性土壤面积增加；川西南山地区各土壤pH分级面积变化比例较小，其酸性面积比例略减少，中性土壤面积增加；川西北高原山地区酸性、弱酸性土壤面积分别降低了9.00%、23.67%，中性土壤面积增加29.96%，碱性土壤面积略增加。

结论

从1980s到2010s的近30年间，四川省酸性土壤面积减少，中性土壤面积增大，然而在川中丘陵区有一定比例的土壤酸化，需引起重视。

Abstract:

Objectives

pH is an important chemical indicator of soil, affecting soil fertility and health. Studying of the spatio-temporal variation of soil pH will provided references for nutrient management in agricultural production.

Methods

The data come from “the Second National Soil Census” during 1980s and the “Soil Testing and Formulated Fertilization Project” during 2010s. Spatial distribution map of soil pH was made by Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation method from “Spatial Analyst” module in ArcGIS 10.2. The spatial-temporal change of soil pH was obtained by raster calculator in ArcGIS 10.2, and then calculated the area changes of different soil pH classification.

Results

The average soil pH value of Sichuan Province decreased from 7.0 to 6.54 from 1980s to 2010s. In 1980s, the proportions of soil areas in pH grade of ≤4.5, 4.5−5.5, 5.5−6.5, 6.5−7.5, 7.5−8.5, and 8.5−9.0 accounted for 0.09%, 14.58%, 53.17%, 12.57%, 19.58% and 0.01%, respectively, while in 2010s, the proportions became 0.06%, 4.45%, 30.41%, 48.65%, 16.40% and 0.04%, respectively. From 1980s to 2010s, 49.63% of total soil was elevated in pH, which mainly distributed in west of Sichuan, and 20.13% was declined in pH, which was mainly distributed in the central area. In Chengdu Plain, the soil areas in each pH grade changed relatively small, with slightly increase of weakly acidic soil and a little bit decrease of alkaline soil. In the hilly central Sichuan, the proportion of acidic soil area increased and the alkaline soil area decreased. In the mountainous areas at the edge of Sichuan Basin, neutral soil increased, and both the acidic and alkaline soil areas decreased. In the mountainous area of southwestern Sichuan, acidic soil areas slightly decreased, while neutral soil increased. In the mountainous areas of Northwest Sichuan plateau, more than 30% of acidic and weakly acidic soils had changed into neutral soils, and the alkaline soil slightly increased.

Conclusions

Overall, from the 1980s to the 2010s, the area of acidic and weakly acidic soil in Sichuan Province decreased, the area of neutral soil increased. However there is a certain proportion of soil acidification in the hilly area of central Sichuan, which requires more attention.

图  1   研究区域分布

Figure  1.   Spatial distribution of study area

图  2   测土配方时期(2010s)四川耕地土壤pH值空间分布

Figure  2.   Spatial distribution of soil pH during the period of Soil Testing and Formula Fertilization Project of Sichuan Province (2010s)

图  3   四川省各pH等级土壤面积分布

Figure  3.   Distribution of different soil pH grades area of Sichuan Province

图  4   1980s到2010s四川省不同pH等级变化土壤面积的空间分布

Figure  4.   Spatial distribution of soil areas under different pH grade changes in Sichuan Province from 1980s to 2010s

表  1   土壤pH分级标准及面积占比 (%)

Table  1   pH grading of cultivated soil and proportion in area

时期
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 pH≤4.5
(强酸性
Highly acidic) 4.5<pH≤5.5
(酸性
Acidic) 5.5<pH≤6.5
(弱酸性
Weakly acidic) 6.5<pH≤7.5
(中性
Neutral) 7.5<pH≤8.5
(弱碱性
Weakly alkaline) 8.5<pH≤9.0
(碱性
Alkaline) pH>9.0
(强碱性
Highly alkaline) 2005—2014
(2010s) 0.06 4.45 30.41 48.65 16.40 0.04 0 1979—1985
(1980s) 0.09 14.58 53.17 12.57 19.58 0.01 0

表  2   四川省1980s到2010s土壤pH分级的面积变化

Table  2   The area percentage of soil pH grade changed between the 1980s and 2010s of Sichuan Province

pH分级变化
pH grade change 面积比例 (%)
Area percentage pH分级变化
pH grade change 面积比例 (%)
Area percentage 1→2 0.01 2→1 0.00 1→3 0.06 3→1 0.01 1→4 0.02 3→2 2.12 1→5 0.01 4→1 0.01 2→3 4.89 4→2 0.83 2→4 6.83 4→3 4.74 2→5 2.28 5→1 0.03 2→6 0.01 5→2 0.92 3→4 28.57 5→3 3.52 3→5 5.26 5→4 7.92 4→5 1.68 6→4 0.00 4→6 0.00 6→5 0.01 5→6 0.02 注：“1→2”表示土壤pH从1980s的分级1变化到2010s的分级2，其余同此示例。
Note: “1→2” means the soil pH changed from grade 1 in 1980s to grade 2 in 2010s, the same as below.

表  3   四川省不同生态区1980s时期和2010s时期土壤pH分级的土壤面积占比(%)

Table  3   The area percentage in soil pH grade in the 1980s and 2010s in different regions of Sichuan Province

pH分级变化
pH grade change 土壤 pH 分级 Soil pH grade 1
(pH≤4.5) 2
(4.5＜pH≤5.5) 3
(5.5＜pH≤6.5) 4
(6.5＜pH≤7.5) 5
(7.5＜pH≤8.5) 6
(8.5＜pH≤9.0) 成都平原区
Chengdu Plain 1980s 0.24 1.78 1.53 0.75 2010s 0.24 2.29 1.45 0.31 川中丘陵区
Hilly area in central Sichuan 1980s 0 0.36 2.48 4.22 10.75 0.01 2010s 0.03 1.91 4.71 4.66 6.49 0.01 盆周山区
Mountainous area at edge of Sichuan Basin 1980s 0.01 2.63 7.09 2.81 2.49 0 2010s 0.03 1.59 7.85 4.51 1.05 0.02 川西南山地区
Mountainous area in southwest Sichuan 1980s 0.08 2.27 8.61 1.05 0.63 2010s 0 0.64 6.00 5.11 0.90 川西北高原山地区
Mountainous area in northwest Sichuan 1980s 9.08 33.22 2.96 4.96 2010s 0.08 9.55 32.92 7.64 0.01 [1]

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