首页分享城市内部居住迁移对个体健康的影响——以广州市为例

城市内部居住迁移对个体健康的影响——以广州市为例

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2024-12-15 08:27

1 引言

城市内部居住迁移(intra-urban residential mobility)是城市居民重要活动之一,可通过居民的住房选择来改变城市空间(Maeng et al, 2010),因而受到了学者的广泛关注。已有研究在迁居动因、迁居过程特征和迁居带来的影响等方面都已积累较多的研究成果(侯明等, 2014)。在迁居带来的影响方面,现有研究主要将居住迁移与城市空间结构、社会分异相结合来研究居住迁移带来的城市宏观方面的影响(李志刚等, 2006; 孙斌栋等, 2009; 陈宏胜等, 2014);而对个体层面影响的研究,主要从行为地理的角度出发,如探讨低碳出行与交通方式的选择,购物等休闲活动(冯健等, 2004; Beenackers et al, 2012),以及通勤行为与职住关系(孟斌等, 2013),社会网络(李鹏飞等, 2013)等方面。随着研究的深入,逐渐开始关注迁居对个体健康的影响,探讨不同群体生理和心理健康的影响因素。

近年来,随着中国城市居民对健康状况的重视程度提高,越来越多的学者开始关注中国城市社会发展过程中城市居民的健康状况,如社会分异、邻里影响、城市建成环境与居民健康的相关关系(林雄斌等, 2015;马静等, 2017;周素红等, 2017)。居住迁移作为居住空间重构过程的反映,对居民个体的影响也开始受到关注,但多集中在城乡迁移(李忠斌等, 2009; 何雪松等, 2010; 吉黎, 2013; 秦立建等, 2014),鲜见有关城市内部居住迁移对居民健康影响的相关研究。

尽管国内相关研究缺乏,但国外研究已相对成熟,这类研究起源于“去机构化(deinstitutionalization)”背景下大量老年人群体向社区公共医疗机构的迁移。已有研究主要包括以下3个方面：①居住迁移对死亡率、发病率、生理和心理健康各项健康指标的影响(Camargo et al, 1945; Blenkner, 1967; Borup et al, 1979)。结果表明,居住迁移对健康产生短期效应和长期累积效应(Ben-Shlomo et al, 2002; Jelleyman et al, 2008; Ludwig et al, 2012),但影响为正或负不统一。例如居住迁移可能导致老年人体重下降、行动能力降低和心理负面情绪的产生(Mirotznik et al, 1995; Lander et al, 1997; Haight et al, 1998);在幼年时期频繁的迁居经历可能对个体产生心理健康、问题行为等方面的影响(Adam et al, 2002; Lin et al, 2012),但若是搬向条件更好的区域则可能带来更强的幸福感(Chetty et al, 2016);②居住迁移对健康影响的调节因素。居住迁移对健康影响的方向、强弱因个人社会经济属性、社会支持、可控性、生命历程重要事件、个人生活习惯等因素而产生差异(Kasl, 1972; Schaefer et al, 1981; Murphy, 1982; Hong et al, 2009)。这类研究主要通过定量模型分析变量的调节效应,或通过对比分析不同群体所受影响的差异;③居住迁移对健康影响的作用机制。已有理论为解释影响作用提供了理论框架：压力与应对理论(stress and coping theory)和向机遇迁居的视角 (the moving to opportunity perspective)强调环境变化的作用(Stokols et al, 1982; Goering et al, 1999),社会资本理论(social capital theory)认为社会关系网络的改变会带来个人社会功能障碍等(Blenkner, 1967; Coleman, 1988; Lander et al, 1997)。但上述研究多集中于医学和心理学领域,将迁居视为一项结果。无论是短期影响还是长期累积效应,都只是对比迁移前后健康状况的变化,或者仅仅关注迁移与否、迁移频次带来的影响,更侧重于个体生理和心理健康各项指标的测度和反馈;而较少对迁居各项特征的差异产生何种健康影响进行系统研究。

与其他国家转型时期相比,中国城市内部迁居率偏高(吴缚龙等, 2007),迁居动因也有不同的背景,因此迁居对居民健康的影响值得关注。本文选取转型时期城市内部居住迁移现象较为普遍的广州市为案例地,较为系统地从居住迁移的时间和空间特征入手,分析居住迁移的累积和短期效应,以及迁移距离、意愿和方向对生理健康与心理健康的影响。为确保研究结果的可靠性,本文将在居住迁移影响健康过程中起调节或缓冲作用的个人社会经济属性、个人生活习惯、邻里环境与社会支持因素作为控制变量纳入模型,检验居住迁移对健康的影响。尝试通过建立“社会—生态学模型”解释居住迁移对个体健康的作用,研究结果可为个体择居和城市社区建设提供相关建议。文章主要从迁居的时间、空间特征出发,较为系统地梳理分析迁居对健康的影响作用,在一定程度上弥补了相关研究在地里维度方面的充实不足。

2 数据来源与研究方法

2.1 研究区域与数据来源

本文选取案例地(表1、图1)广州市的老城区,内环路与环城高速公路之间的过渡区,以及环城高速以外的外围区为研究区域(周素红等, 2010),涵盖了天河区、越秀区、海珠区、荔湾区、黄埔区、白云区、番禺区在内的9个区,选择11个典型街区进行调研(“街区”是指由周边道路围合而成、面积在1 km2左右的相对独立的地块)。街区类型包括历史街区、单位社区、商品房小区、保障性住房小区与非正规住房(城中村)5种类型。于2016年1月进行《城市居民居住与就业迁移及就医选择问卷》入户调研,样本量分布按照2010年第六次全国人口普查中的“常住人口数”的比例抽样,发放并回收有效问卷1029份。其中男女比例为49.95: 50.05,未婚、已婚、离异或丧偶样本占比分别为21.57%、78.04%和0.39%,平均年龄为41.05岁,个人平均月收入集中于3000~6999元。问卷信度系数α为0.75,在可接受范围内。另外,在各类街区分别选取典型样本进行深度访谈以获取居民具体迁居及生理和心理健康变化历程。

表1 调研街区选择

Tab.1 The studied communities

街道街区类型基本状况老城区六榕街道历史街区以1970年以前建设的房改房和自建房为主龙津街道历史街区解放前的租屋建设街道单位社区1960年代在中心区建设的首批工人新村过渡区员村街道单位社区1980-1990年代建设的福利房改房天河南街道商品房小区1990年代末建成的商品房小区瑞宝街道商品房小区1990年以后建设的商品房及少量拆迁安置房新港街道单位社区传统意义上的单位大院石牌街道非正规住房1990年代自建的非正规住房(城中村)棠下街道保障性住房1990年代后建设的保障性住房小区外围区同德街道保障性住房1990年代后建设的保障性住房华南新城商品房小区2000年以后建设的郊区商品房

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图1 研究范围示意图

Fig.1 Location of the studied communities

2.2 研究方法

根据已有研究,居住迁移可采用迁移频率、迁移时长、迁移意愿、迁移方向与距离多个维度进行表征(表2)。其中,居住迁移频率反映居住迁移的累积效应( Lin et al, 2011; Lin et al, 2012),居住迁移时长反映居住迁移的短期效应(Brown et al, 1990),二者共同反映居住迁移时间特征对居民健康的影响;迁居意愿作为空间可控性的一种体现,也被众多国外研究证明对居民健康及居住迁移的健康效应产生影响(Kasl, 1972),并与迁移方向、距离共同作为反应居住迁移的空间特征进行研究。

表2 居住迁移相关解释变量

Tab.2 Explanatory variables of housing relocation

迁移相关因素指标指标说明迁移时间特征累积效应验证居住迁移频率被调查者定居广州以来的居住迁移频率作为解释变量,反映了居住迁移对健康带来的累积作用短期效应验证居住迁移时长因居住迁移时长而带来的健康状况差异衡量居住迁移是否具有一定的短期效应居住迁移空间特征居住迁移意愿分为主动迁居和被动迁居居住迁移方向将越秀区与荔湾区定义为老城区,其他地区为外围区,将居住迁移方向分为内—内,内—外,外—内,外—外4个方向,居住迁移方向与居住环境的变化有关居住迁移距离通过前后居住地匹配,得出居住迁移距离,长距离的居住迁移通常被认为与社会网络断层、环境变化有关

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在健康衡量的指标体系方面(表3),自评生理健康(self-rated physical health)和自评心理健康(self-rated mental health)为国外学者广泛采纳,应用对象包括老年人、青少年等特定人群,以及大样本量的宏观群体(Brues, 2003; Juon et al, 2003)。本文通过最近1个月被调查者的自评生理健康与自评心理健康反映生理健康与心理健康(表3)。自评生理健康是居民健康研究中最常用的指标之一,通常以分等级或分二项的形式衡量(Dimond et al, 1987; Lin, 2012)。自评心理健康采用世界健康组织WHO通用的心理健康测评量表。WHO对量表结果给予的诠释为：初始积分低于13建议进行重型抑郁症问卷调查,表明生理和心理健康状况差。根据这一标准,自评心理健康积分低于13表明心理健康状况较差,而高于13表明心理健康状况较好,以此为因变量对心理健康进行二项logistic回归分析。

表3 居民健康状况衡量指标

Tab.3 Measurement indicators of physical and mental health

指标衡量标准自评生理健康“请您对自身身体健康情况进行评价”
1=非常差;2=较差;3=一般;4=良好;5=非常好
前3等级定义为“心理健康状况较差”,后2等级定义为“心理健康状况较好”自评心理健康采用WHO通用的心理健康李克特量表打分,共5道题,6个选项（0~5分）代表过去2星期内对题项描述的同意程度,累积共0~25分。
题项一：“我感觉快乐、心情舒畅”
题项二：“我感觉宁静和放松”
题项三：“我感觉充满活力、精力充沛”
题项四：“我睡醒时感到清新,得到了足够休息”
题项五：“我每天生活充满了有趣的事”

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本文将居住迁移频率、时长、迁移特征等与迁移相关的变量作为需要观测的解释变量,研究这些居住迁移特征对个体健康的影响。根据对已有研究的梳理,个人社会经济属性、个人生活习惯对于居住迁移的生理和心理健康影响程度均产生作用,社会支持主要作用于心理健康,而医疗配套等硬件设施则主要作用于生理健康。因此将这些因素作为控制变量。利用SPSS22.0进行logistic回归,分析居住迁移对健康的影响,检验居住迁移等相关因素对健康作用的方向与强度。

3 居民居住迁移与健康特征

对居民居住迁移属性与健康状况进行交叉制表(表4),发现无论在什么阶段,迁移频率高者生理健康状况均更差,5年内迁移频率高者心理健康状况更差;入住时间增长,居民心理健康状况明显有更好的趋势,入住1年内居民生理健康状况明显比其他居民差;主动迁移的居民生理和心理健康状况均较被动迁居者好;内—内迁移者的生理健康状况明显较差,外—内和外—外迁移者的心理健康状况明显较差。

表4 居民居住迁移属性与健康状况统计表

Tab.4 Descriptive statistics of residents’ housing relocation and health

迁移相关因素生理健康心理健康样本合计/个较差/%较好/%较差/%较好/%迁移时间特征居住迁移频率（累积效应验证）5年内0次27.8372.1734.7965.218481次26.3273.6845.6154.391712次80.0020.00100.000.001018岁-5年前0次25.6774.3337.3262.688221次33.9066.1036.9963.011772次60.0040.0040.3259.68303次50.0050.000.00100.00418岁前0次25.6774.3338.2061.808221次33.9066.1031.6468.361772次60.0040.0043.3356.6730居住迁移时长（短期效应验证）入住时间分段1年以内35.0065.0055.0045.00402~3年23.7776.2350.0050.001224~5年25.0075.0036.2163.791165年以上28.8971.1134.3565.65751迁移空间特征居住迁移特征迁居意愿被动40.4359.5750.0050.0094主动26.8473.1635.9464.06935迁移方向无迁移23.0476.9634.3565.65230内—内31.9368.0731.0268.98548内—外25.9674.0436.5463.46104外—内22.8877.1265.2534.75118外—外24.1475.8665.5234.4829平均迁移距离/km6.396.517.765.726.48样本合计28.0971.9137.2262.781029

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为排除居民生理健康与心理健康存在相关关系的可能,对这2个属性进行交叉制表(表5),Pearson卡方检验sig.值为0.012(<0.05),可认为居民生理健康与心理健康存在差异,有进行分类讨论的必要。

表5 居民生理健康与心理健康状况关系表

Tab.5 Comparisons of physical and mental health

生理健康较差/%较好/%合计/%心理健康较差32.6467.36100.00较好25.3974.61100.00样本合计289个740个1029个心理健康较差/%较好/%合计/%生理健康较差43.2556.75100.00较好34.8665.14100.00样本合计383个646个1029个

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4 居住迁移对个体健康的影响

分别将迁移频率和入住现居住地时间2个体现迁居时间特征的观测变量,以及包括迁移方向、距离、意愿的体现迁居空间特征的观测变量放入模型,探究它们对生理和心理健康的影响,共得3组模型(表6)。在其他控制变量方面,锻炼习惯、年龄、婚姻状况和收入(Singh et al, 1996)影响显著,医疗设施密度和邻里氛围(Jones-Rounds et al, 2014)对居民生理健康有正向作用,与本文结果一致。

表6 居住迁移对健康状况影响模型

Tab.6 The model of relocation effects on individuals' health

模型1（累积效应模型）模型2（短期效应模型）模型3（居住特征模型）变量生理健康心理健康变量生理健康心理健康变量生理健康心理健康系数(B)系数(B)系数(B)系数(B)系数(B)系数(B)居住迁移频率近5年内迁居次数-0.664***-0.700***入住时间1年以内 #>5年-1.250***-1.074***迁移特征迁居意愿 #主动-0.896*0.04518岁-5年前迁居次数-0.037-0.0952~3年 #>5年-0.216-0.571**迁居距离0.003-0.039*18岁前迁居次数-0.364*-0.084~5年 #>5年0.171-0.015迁居方向 #外—外内—内-0.4880.874*个人生活习惯抽烟 #是-0.0220.394个人生活习惯抽烟 #是-0.0370.387内—外-0.4180.830*饮酒 #是-0.236-0.067饮酒 #是-0.253-0.087外—内-0.056-0.518经常锻炼 #是-0.636***-0.216经常锻炼 #是-0.624***-0.195个人生活习惯抽烟 #是-0.250.214个人社会经济属性性别 #女-0.2630.025个人社会经济属性性别 #女-0.2910.003饮酒 #是-0.25-0.078年龄-0.084***-0.008年龄-0.086***-0.009经常锻炼 #是-0.709***-0.242婚姻状况#未婚已婚0.267-0.583**婚姻状况#未婚已婚0.192-0.666***个人社会经济属性性别 #女-0.1610.028离异或丧偶-1.4520.752离异或丧偶-1.390.619年龄-0.086***-0.012家庭年收入#4万以上1万以下-1.429-2.465*家庭年收入#4万以上1万以下-1.465-2.390*婚姻状况#未婚已婚0.469-0.491*1~2万-1.19-2.142*1~2万-1.235-2.098*离异或丧偶-20.223-0.4872~4万-1.259-2.050*2~4万-1.298-1.998*家庭年收入#4万以上1万以下-0.886-2.696*邻里及社会支持社区内亲人数量-0.060.004邻里及社会支持社区内亲人数量-0.0380.0141~2万-1.016-2.253*邻里关系-0.0090.240***邻里关系-0.0130.239***2~4万-1.084-2.013社区内熟人数量-0.082社区内熟人数量-0.086邻里及社会支持社区内亲人数量-0.010.062医疗设施密度0.071**-医疗设施密度0.077***-邻里关系-0.0420.235***Cox & Snell R20.1840.175Cox & Snell R20.1810.175社区内熟人数量-0.182预测准确率76.30%70.10%预测准确率75.20%70.20%医疗设施密度0.110***-Cox & Snell R20.1940.219预测准确率76.80%73.00%

注：因变量1=健康状况较好,0=健康状况较差;#后为参考变量;-为无参数,因为变量不在模型内;*、**、***分别表示P<0.1, P<0.01, P<0.005。

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4.1 居住迁移时间特征对居民健康的影响

4.1.1 居住迁移累积效应对居民健康的影响

居住迁移对健康的影响可能是累积的,且与所处的生命过程阶段有关,居民在不同时期的迁移对健康的影响可能不同。有研究认为,幼年时期的移民不能预测未来健康状况(Leu et al, 2008);也有研究认为,幼年时期的搬迁次数可能影响居民未来心理健康并导致问题行为(Adam et al, 2002; Lin et al, 2012);而近期的搬迁则更可能造成适应性压力从而对健康产生负面影响(Blenkner, 1967)。为验证这种累积效应,本文将居住迁移经历分为18岁之前、18岁-近5年、近5年3个阶段,计算频率作为自变量,其余在初步检验中对生理或心理健康有显著影响的变量作为自变量进行二项logistic回归。

将生理与心理健康状况较好赋值为1,自变量采用全部进入的方法进入模型,模型结果可以接受(表6中模型1)。

控制个人社会经济属性、生活习惯与邻里及社会支持3个方面的影响因素后,居住迁移频率整体上对居民生理健康与心理健康均产生负向影响,不同阶段的居住迁移对生理和心理健康影响的程度不同。近5年内迁移频次对生理健康与心理健康的负向影响均显著,且相对于其他阶段的居住迁移频率影响程度大,说明居住迁移对健康的影响在一定的时间范围内存在近期效应。18岁-近5年内迁移频率对生理健康与心理健康没有显著影响。18岁之前的迁移频率对居民生理健康有一定的负向影响,对心理健康没有显著影响。“(搬家)当然不适应,最少要半个月才能适应过来,在原来的地方住习惯了,再搬到这儿,很多方面都不方便了。而且搬家很麻烦呀,很累的,对生活肯定有影响啊,还要耽误做生意啊(04,女,45岁)。”04号被访者到广州后带着孩子和婆婆搬过3次家,在谈及搬家对孩子的影响时还说,“小孩子很小就这样,习惯了”。可见短期内频繁的迁移精力耗损大,加上环境不适应,对生理和心理健康的负面效应显著,适应新居后影响减弱;虽儿童心理适应能力强,但迁移耗损父母精力而无暇顾及照顾儿童,在一定程度上不利于其身体成长,故18岁前的迁移频率对居民生理健康有一定的负向影响。

4.1.2 居住迁移短期效应对居民健康的影响

近5年内居住迁移频率对生理与心理健康均有显著影响,故对居住迁移的短期效应进行检验。居住迁移短期效应模型的自变量采用全部进入的方法,拟合参数均达到要求(表6中模型2)。

控制个人社会经济属性等其他影响居民健康的因素后,居住迁移时长对居民生理、心理健康均具有显著影响。相对于入住5年以上的居民,居住迁移在1年以内的居民生理和心理健康可能性分别降低1.250和1.074倍,居住2~3年的居民心理健康的可能性降低0.571倍。“原来住了好几年现在搬了肯定不习惯,现在时间长了肯定习惯了呀。现在住了2个月,就习惯了”(01,女,38岁)。可见迁移后需要适应期,此时迁移对生理和心理健康的负面影响显著,此影响随入住时间变长而减弱,04号被访者也表明最少半个月才能够适应新居,故短期(1年内)的迁移经历对生理和心理健康影响显著,随入住时间加长,影响效果下降。

4.2 居住迁移空间特征对居民健康的影响

为衡量居住迁移意愿、方向和距离这些迁移特征带来的健康情况的分异,剔除迁移次数为0的样本,将剩余的799个样本的现居住地与上一居住地进行关联获取迁移特征,构建二项logistic回归模型,模型拟合度均达到要求(表6中模型3)。

迁居意愿对生理健康有显著影响,但对心理健康没有显著影响,表现为相对于主动迁居的居民,被动迁居的居民生理健康状况差的可能性更大。06号被访者曾为改善生活条件而主动迁居多次,她认为“每次搬家条件都变好,以前没有搬家公司,都是叫上亲朋好友一起搬,很辛苦,但总的来说开心多过不开心,因为越来越好了”(06号,女,52岁);而被动迁居的03号被访者则表示“(搬家后)有点不适应,不过只能由着它,邻居不认识就不认识,有点失落感,但就这样吧” (03号,女,53岁)。可见,主动迁居多是为改善居住条件,理论上有利于生理和心理健康,但迁居过程耗损体力且迁居后需要适应新环境而不利于生理和心理健康,二者相互作用导致迁居意愿对心理健康影响不显著,被动迁居则不利于生理健康。

迁移距离越长,心理健康状况差的可能性越大,但对生理健康无显著影响。02号被访者因成家经历过一次迁居,且新旧住宅步行20分钟可达,她认为“(搬家对自己)没什么影响,一来就很适应,现在经常都会回去(旧房子)看望爸妈”(02号,女,48岁)。可见,迁移距离越近,适应新环境的难度越小,相对于长距离迁移更有利于心理健康。

在居住迁移方向上,相对于外圈层之间的迁移,核心区之间以及离心迁移对心理健康有正向作用,可解释为核心区范围较小且各类设施均相对完善,故核心区之间的迁移相对外圈层之间的迁移距离短且环境变化小,更利于心理健康;离心迁移多是为获取更好的居住条件,因此相对外圈层之间的迁移更有利于心理健康。但居住迁移方向对生理健康无显著影响。

综上,居住迁移的频率累积和短期内的居住迁移对个体生理和心理健康产生影响,且影响以负向为主。在累积效应方面,近5年内迁移频率对生理和心理健康的累积影响显著,18岁以前迁移频率仅对生理健康的累积影响显著;在短期效应方面,迁移到新居住区的时间越短,生理和心理健康状况差的概率越大,心理健康受到居住迁移的短期影响更大;在居住迁移特征方面,主动迁居对生理健康有正向显著影响,离心性迁移方向对心理健康有正向显著影响,长距离迁居对心理健康有负向影响(表7)。

表7 居住迁移对居民生理心理健康影响总结表

Tab.7 Summary of relocation effects on individuals' health

影响类型指标具体指标生理健康OR[95%置信区间]心理健康OR[95%置信区间]累积效应居住迁移频率近5年内迁移频率↓0.695[0.502-0.963]↓0.496[0.345-0.714]18岁-近5年迁移频率18岁以前迁移频率↓0.515[0.345-0.769]短期效应居住迁移时长 #5年以上1年以内↓0.287[0.135-0.608]↓0.342[0.165-0.706]2~3年↓0.571[0.366-0.871]3~5年迁移特征分异居住迁移意愿 #主动迁居意愿↓0.408[0.207-0.804]居住迁移方向 #外—外内—内↑2.396[0.946-6.067]内—外↑2.292[0.863-6.091]外—内居住迁移距离居住迁移距离↓0.962[0.930-0.994]

注：生理健康与心理健康中,将“心理健康状况较好”定义为1,“心理健康状况较差”定义为0;OR（odds ratio）即比值比,在这里指“健康状况良好”与“健康状况较差”的概率之比;#后为参考变量;↑表示正向影响,↓表示负向影响,空白表示无显著影响。

新窗口打开

“社会生态模型”被社会学和心理学用于描述外部环境对人们行为和心理的影响,该模型将社会中的人看作生态系统中的生物,认为其行为和心理受到个人内在环境因素(情绪、动机、信念等)和个人外在因素(社会环境、政策环境、经济条件等)的影响(Bronfenbrenner, 1977; 钟涛等, 2014)。根据“社会生态模型”,将居住迁移对居民生理和心理健康的影响关系汇总,如图2所示。居住迁移的频率、时长、方向和距离均属于外在因素,迁移意愿属于个人内在因素,作为因变量的个人生理与心理健康也属于内在因素。居住迁移会耗损体力和造成一定时间内的环境不适应,因而短期内不利于生理和心理健康;迁居距离长,环境适应难度大,因此对心理健康的负面影响更强;同时,高频率的居住迁移大量消耗体力,并有环境适应过程,因此不利于生理和心理健康;广州新建配置齐全的居住小区多位于近郊,外向型迁移以改善居住条件为目的的可能性大,有利于生理和心理健康;主动迁移者意愿得到满足,更有利于生理和心理健康。

图2 居住迁移对居民生理和心理健康影响关系

Fig.2 Diagram of relocation's effects on dividuals' health

5 结论与讨论

本文从地理学的视角对居住迁移活动的时空特征进行归纳,并分析长短期时间效应以及迁移意愿、距离、方向等空间特征对居民生理和心理健康状况影响的差异,弥补了对地理维度重视的不足。城市内部居住迁移对个体健康具有显著影响。总体而言,生理健康受长期累积效应影响较为明显,而心理健康受短期效应影响较为明显。无论是短期还是长期效应,迁移对居民生理和心理健康均产生负面影响,制定适宜居民长期稳定居住的规划或政策将有利于提高居民的生理和心理健康水平。社区社会关系的稳定和密切有利于促进居民心理健康的提升,尽管对于生理健康的影响方向不确定,营造稳定的社区关系网络将有利于提升居民健康水平。

本文仍存在一些值得探讨的地方,包括主动迁居的正向效应与居住迁移的负向效应共同作用的机制、居住迁移影响的过程中生理和心理健康的相互作用机制、居民对新居的适应期长度等,有待在今后的研究中,通过大样本纵向健康状况的跟踪调研,进行更深入的探讨。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-0022.2015.06.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要

我国工业化、城市化和机动化的快速发展显著改变了城市建成环境的特征，带来居民体力活动缺乏和环境污染等问题，导致肥胖、心血管等慢性疾病的增加。建成环境作为城市规划建设在空间上的反映，是影响居民体力活动和健康的重要载体。从建成环境规划与优化的视角来鼓励公众体力活动、提升健康水平，成为国外城市规划新的理念。北美都市区对“建成环境—公共健康”互动关系的研究已有丰富成果，并实施应对健康问题的体力活动建议导则与建成环境规划设计策略。研究重点论述土地利用、交通系统等建成环境因素对体力活动和健康的影响作用机制，进而借鉴北美都市区的公共健康问题的规划应对，为缓解我国城市健康问题和推进健康城市建成环境规划提供借鉴。

[Lin X B, Yang J W.2015.

Built environment and public health review and planning in North American metropolitan areas

[J]. Planners, 31(6): 12-19.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-0022.2015.06.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要

[10]马静, 柴彦威, 符婷婷. 2017.

居民时空行为与环境污染暴露对健康影响的研究进展

[J]. 地理科学进展, 36(10): 1260-1269.

[本文引用: 1]

[Ma J, Chai Y W, Fu T T.2017.

Progress of research on the health impact of people's space-time behavior and environmental pollution exposure

[J]. Progress in Geography, 36(10): 1260-1269.]

[本文引用: 1]

[11]孟斌, 湛东升, 郝丽荣. 2013.

北京市居民居住行为对职住分离的影响

[J]. 城市问题, (10): 33-39.

[本文引用: 1]

[Meng B, Zhan D S, Hao L R.2013.

Impact of housing behavior on the separation of workplace and residence in Beijing

[J]. Urban Problems, (10): 33-39.]

[本文引用: 1]

[12]秦立建, 王震, 蒋中一. 2014.

农民工的迁移与健康: 基于迁移地点的Panel证据

[J]. 世界经济文汇, (6): 44-59.

URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要

本文使用固定效应Logit模型,从迁移地点的角度研究了迁移对农民工自评健康状况的影响.研究发现,到外省的迁移对农民工健康状况存在显著负面影响,而省内的迁移对农民工健康状况没有显著影响.地区分割对迁移人群健康的负面影响日渐凸显.迁移地点对农民工健康的影响还存在性别差异.本文的研究结果具有重要的政策含义:应尽快消除地区分割,建立全国统一的劳动力流动市场;社会保险特别是医疗保险应尽快提高统筹层次,实现异地转接以及城镇医保与新农合之间的合并.

[Qin L J, Wang Z, Jiang Z Y.2014.

Nongmingong de qianyi yu jiankang: Jiyu qianyi didian de Panel zhengju

[J]. World Economic Papers, (6): 44-59.]

URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要

[13]孙斌栋, 吴雅菲. 2009.

中国城市居住空间分异研究的进展与展望

[J]. 城市规划, 33(6): 73-80.

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1002-1329.2009.06.014 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要

回顾了1986年至2007年之间中国城市居住空间分异研究领域的155篇学术论文及部分代表性专著,将我国该领域研究总结划分为3个阶段,梳理了城市居住空间分异研究的进展与最新动态,评述了研究理论、研究方法、研究重点、研究成果、发展水平等的阶段性特点与变化,剖析了已有研究的不足,并针对研究中遇到的瓶颈,探讨了未来研究的可能重点与方向,以期有助于我国城市居住空间分异的研究获得新的突破。

[Sun B D, Wu Y F.2009.

Progress and prospect of residential spatial differentiation of Chinese cities

[J]. City Planning Review, 33(6): 73-80.]

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1002-1329.2009.06.014 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要

[14]吴缚龙, 马润潮, 张京祥. 2007. 转型与重构: 中国城市发展多维透视[M].

南京:

东南大学出版社.

[本文引用: 1]

[Wu F L, Ma R C, Zhang J X.2007. Zhuanxing yu chonggou: Zhongguo chengshi fazhan duowei toushi[M].

Nanjing,

China: Publishing House of Southeast University.]

[本文引用: 1]

[15]钟涛, 徐伟, 胡亮. 2014.

体力活动的社会生态模型研究进展

[J]. 体育科研, 35(2): 28-31.

[本文引用: 1]

[Zhong T, Xu W, Hu L.2014.

Progress of the researches on the social ecological model of physical activity

[J]. Sport Science Research, 35(2): 28-31.]

[本文引用: 1]

[16]周素红, 何嘉明. 2017.

郊区化背景下居民健身活动时空约束对心理健康影响: 以广州为例

[J]. 地理科学进展, 36(10): 1229-1238.

[本文引用: 1]

[Zhou S H, He J M.2017.

Effects of spatial-temporal constraints of suburban residents on fitness activities to mental health in the context of rapid suburbanization: A case study in Guangzhou, China

[J]. Progress in Geography, 36(10): 1229-1238.]

[本文引用: 1]

[17]周素红, 刘玉兰. 2010.

转型期广州城市居民居住与就业地区位选择的空间关系及其变迁

[J]. 地理学报, 65(2): 191-201.

https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201002006 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要

近年来，中国城市交通拥挤现象日渐突出，以交通基础设施建设为主导的单一交通供给已经很难满足交通日益增长的需求。交通需求管理成为解决交通拥挤问题的又一出路。因居民居住与就业地空间分离而产生的日常通勤是构成高峰小时交通需求的主要原因。以广州市为例．采用追溯式问卷调查的方式．调查分析1996—2007年居民居住与就业地区位选择与变迁．并探讨其影响因素和机制。研究发现，体制转型对居民居住与就业地选择产生重要的影响，计划经济体制下形成的街区，居民的居住地与就业地相对稳定；市场化改革后新建或改建的街区。居民搬家和换工作的频度较高。在1996．2007年期间．居民居住地与就业地距离总体上呈现增加趋势，以商品房小区最为明显，价格、环境与岗位属性是影响居民搬家和变换工作的主要原因．在与短距离通勤无法兼得的情况下．很多居民选择以长距离通勤为代价换取更好的居住与就业条件。其次．保障性住房政策下形成的典型街区内部居民分化明显，形成原住户、转售后的商品房住户、转租房住户等三类为主导的住户结构．前两者存在较明显的居住与就业空间不匹配现象。此外，区位和个人属性也影响着居民居住与就业地的选择两者的空间距离。在区位方面，城市中心区的就业吸引力仍较突出．靠近中心区的住户居住与就业距离较短．且呈近距离重新择居或择业：由于居住外迁和产业外迁而分别引发的长距离向心型和外向型通勤共同存在．尤其是前者：在个人属性方面．中等收入水平的阶层是搬家和变换工作相对频繁的阶层。宏观层面上城市居住与就业空间的不匹配、城市空间拓展、单一功能外迁下的用地结构、社会经济转型与政策性福利以及阶层分化背景下引发的个性化选择等是影响居17

[Zhou S H, Liu Y L.2010.

The situation and transition of jobs-housing relocation in Guangzhou, China

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 65(2): 191-201.]

https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201002006 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要

[18]Adam E K, Chase-Lansdale P L.2002.

Home sweet home(s): Parental separations, residential moves, and adjustment problems in low-income adolescent girls

[J]. Developmental Psychology, 38(5): 792-805.

https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.38.5.792 URL PMID: 12220056 [本文引用: 2] 摘要

Associations between histories of family disruption (residential moves and separations from parent figures) and adolescent adjustment (including educational, internalizing, externalizing, and sexual behavior outcomes) were examined in a random sample of 267 African American girls from 3 urban poverty neighborhoods. Higher numbers of residential moves and parental separations significantly predicted greater adolescent adjustment problems after household demographic characteristics were controlled. Adolescents' perceptions of their current relationships and neighborhoods were significantly associated with adolescent adjustment but did not mediate the effects of family disruption. Associations between parental separations and adolescent outcomes were strongest for externalizing problems and were found for both male and female caregivers, for long-standing and more temporary caregivers, and for separations in early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence.

[19]Beenackers M A, Foster S, Kamphuis C B M, et al.2012.

Taking up cycling after residential relocation: Built environment factors

[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(6): 610-615.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.02.021 URL [本文引用: 1]

[20]Ben-Shlomo Y, Kuh D.2002.

A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: Conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives

[J]. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31(2): 285-293.

https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.2.285 URL PMID: 11980781 [本文引用: 1] 摘要

Comment in Int J Epidemiol. 2005 Apr;34(2):481-2.

[21]Blenkner M.1967.

Environmental change and the aging individual

[J]. The Gerontologist, 7(2): 101-105.

https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/7.2_Part_1.101 URL PMID: 6041906 [本文引用: 3] 摘要

Abstract 1. 14 REFERENCE ITEMS ARE GLEANED IN REVIEWING THE RESEARCH ON RELOCATION AND DEATH RATE. RESEARCH REVEALS A NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INSTITUTIONALIZATION AND SURVIVAL. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HOME

[22]Borup J H, Gallego D T, Heffernan P G.1979.

Relocation and its effect on mortality

[J]. The Gerontologist, 19(2): 135-140.

https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/19.2.135 URL PMID: 263591 [本文引用: 1] 摘要

Abstract This article examines the effects of geriatric relocation on mortality rates. An experimental control model was utilized with a sample of 529 patients undergoing relocation and 453 patients not experiencing a move. Findings indicate relocation does not bring about increases in mortality. Mortality rates of relocated male and female patients were similar, as were the rates for handicapped and nonhandicapped patients. An assessment of available relocation mortality studies is made with recommendations for planning.

[23]Bronfenbrenner U.1977.

Toward an experimental ecology of human development

[J]. American Psychologist, 32(7): 513-531.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.32.7.513 URL [本文引用: 1]

[24]Brown A C, Orthner D K.1990.

Relocation and personal well-being among early adolescents

[J]. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 10(3): 366-381.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431690103008 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要

ABSTRACT This study examined the association between geographical relocations and selected indicators of personal well-being among early adolescents in five communities in the United States. Relocation was measured both by recency of residential change and by the number of lifetime moves between towns that the adolescents had made. Well-being was self-esteem, alienation, depression, and life satisfaction. The results indicated that neither recent relocations nor a history of relocations were associated with well-being among males, but that life satisfaction was negatively affected by recent moves as well as high number of moves in the history of females. A history of frequent moves also resulted in lower levels of depression among females. The results are discussed in terms of gender differences and responses to moving and the reasons why relocations may have only a moderate affect on this age child.

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Childhood residential stability and health at midlife

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[26]Camargo O, Preston G H.1945.

What happens to patients who are hospitalized for the first time when over sixty-five years of age

[J]. American Journal of Psychiatry, 102(2): 168-173.

https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.102.2.168 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要

1 Psychiatric Inspector for the Public Health Department of Brazil2 Commissioner of Mental Hygiene, Maryland Studying all first admissions of patients over 65 years old to the state mental hospitals in Maryland, during 1938, 1939 and 1940, we found:(A) The group 65-69 years old was larger than the other groups; 65-69, 30%; 70-74, 26%, 75-79, 21%; 8o up, 23%.(B) There were 12% more males than females. No significant difference was noted in regard to race. The percentage of negroes (18% for negro against 82% for white) corresponds to the proportion of negro population in the state. There is some difference regarding sex among the colored patients [See Table 6 in Source PDF] (65% colored male against 33% colored female).(C) Regarding marital status, there were many more married (34%) and widowed (46%) than single (16%) and divorced (4%). Among the married, there were more male (73%) than female (27%); the same was observed among divorced (male 80% and female 20%). More than one-half of the patients over 75 years of age were widowed.(D) Eighty-five percent of our patients over 65 years of age were diagnosed either as psychotics with cerebral arteriosclerosis (37%) or senile psychotics (48%).Following up all patients for three years after admission, we found:(1) In the first year 47% died and 8% were discharged as improved or unimproved. During the second year, 11% more died and 1% were discharged. In the third year, 8% died and only 0.6% were discharged. In three years there were 66% dead, 10% discharged and 24% remained under care in the hospital. Deaths occur soon after admission. Approximately 16% of all patients die during the first month, and 46% by the end of the first year. The death rate was higher for male patients (73% in three years), than for female (59% in three years).(2) The great majority of discharges occurred in the first year following admission (82% of all discharged).(3) In relation to diagnoses, 66% of the patients classified as psychosis with cerebral arteriosclerosis died as against 70.7% of the senile psychotics.(4) Following up for five to six years the group of patients over 65 years of age admitted in 1938, we found that 77.8% died, 10.4% were discharged and only 11.7% remained under hospital care.(5) The duration of life of our patients over 65 years of age was shorter than the average duration expected for the general population. For the first year after admission, the mortality rates were very high, ranging from 24 to 11 times the mortality rates expected for the general population.

[27]Chetty R, Hendren N, Katz L F.2016.

The effects of exposure to better neighborhoods on children: New evidence from the moving to opportunity experiment

[J]. American Economic Review, 106(4): 855-902.

https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150572 URL [本文引用: 1]

[28]Coleman J S.1988.

Social capital in the creation of human capital

[J]. American Journal of Sociology, 94: 13-39.

[本文引用: 1]

[29]Dimond M, McCance K, King K, et al.1987.

Forced residential relocation: Its impact on the well-being of older adults

[J]. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 9(4): 445-464.

https://doi.org/10.1177/019394598700900403 URL [本文引用: 1]

[30]Goering J, Kraft J, Feins J, et al.1999.

Moving to Opportunity for fair housing demonstration program: Current status and initial findings

[M]. Washington, DC: US Department of Housing and Urban Development.

[本文引用: 1]

[31]Haight B K, Michel Y, Hendrix S.1998.

Life review: Preventing despair in newly relocated nursing home residents short- and long-term effects

[J]. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 47(2): 119-142.

https://doi.org/10.2190/A011-BRXD-HAFV-5NJ6 URL PMID: 9836092 [本文引用: 1] 摘要

Abstract Relocation to a nursing home places frail elders at risk for developing depression and suicide ideation. This study followed two hundred and fifty-six newly relocated nursing home residents for five years. Using a Solomon Four research design, participants were divided into four groups, two control and two experimental, one each with pretesting and all with posttesting. Participants in the control groups received a friendly visit and those in the experimental groups received the intervention of life review. Immediate short-term results showed the life review to be an effective preventive intervention for clinical depression (p = .05). Additionally, when looking at long-term effects at one year, there were significant decrease in depression (p = .05), hopelessness (p = .01), and psychological well-being (p = .02) with measurable increases in life satisfaction (p = .08). These findings support the hypothesis that life review prevents despair in frail elders newly admitted to a nursing home.

[32]Hong S I, Chen L M.2009.

Contribution of residential relocation and lifestyle to the structure of health trajectories

[J]. Journal of Aging and Health, 21(2): 244-265.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264308328960 URL PMID: 19114610 [本文引用: 1] 摘要

Underlining ecological theories of aging, we assessed the impact of relocation, residential type, and individual lifestyle factors on the structure of health status overtime. From the data of Longitudinal Study on Aging II, we included older adults aged 70 and older (N = 5,294). To analyze individual longitudinal trajectories of health outcomes, Latent Growth Curve Modeling (LGCM) was employed. LGCMs supported that older adults' residential relocation and health-related lifestyles were important in preserving better health outcomes. Multiple structural equations corroborated the causal chains in the multidimensionality of health structure. These findings suggest a necessity to design policies for older adults to create a synergy between housing and health care and to translate meaningful health-related lifestyles into diverse long-term care settings.

[33]Jelleyman T, Spencer N.2008.

Residential mobility in childhood and health outcomes: A systematic review

[J]. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 62(7): 584-592.

https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.060103 URL PMID: 18559440 [本文引用: 1] 摘要

Objective: To assess evidence for residential mobility in childhood having an adverse association with health outcomes through the life course. Methods: A systematic search of medical and social sciences literature was undertaken to identify research defining residential mobility as an independent variable and in which health outcomes were described and objectively measured. Studies were excluded that investigated international migration for asylum or were limited to educational outcomes. Two reviewers assessed each study using quality criteria with particular attention to the consideration of confounders and potential for bias. Data were extracted for analysis using a structured form. Results: Twenty-two studies were included for this review. Outcomes identified in association with residential mobility included: higher levels of behavioural and emotional problems; increased teenage pregnancy rates; accelerated initiation of illicit drug use; adolescent depression; reduced continuity of healthcare. Studies assessed as having lower quality were less likely to demonstrate statistically significant effects. Heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. Conclusions: Residential mobility interacts at neighbourhood, family and individual levels in cumulative and compounding ways with significance for the wellbeing of children. High frequency residential change is potentially a useful marker for the clinical risk of behavioural and emotional problems. The evidence supports the reorientation of health services effectively to engage these residentially mobile children for whom health and psychological needs may be identified. The impact of housing and economic policies on childhood residential mobility should be evaluated considering this evidence.

[34]Jones-Rounds M L, Evans G W, Braubach M.2014.

The interactive effects of housing and neighbourhood quality on psychological well-being

[J]. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 68(2): 171-175.

https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2013-202431 URL PMID: 24248998 [本文引用: 1] 摘要

Many individuals are subject to the physically and mentally detrimental effects of living in substandard housing and inadequate neighbourhoods. We propose that better physical neighbourhood quality can partially offset some of the negative effects of poor housing quality on psychological well-being.Interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data in a cross-sectional study of housing quality, the state of the surrounding environment, and individual health and well-being for 5605 European adults from the Large Analysis and Review of European housing and health Status conducted by WHO in eight European cities. Multilevel random coefficient modelling was used to statistically analyse the main and interactive effects of housing quality and neighbourhood quality on psychological well-being. Socioeconomic status, employment status, gender and marital status were included as statistical controls.Substandard housing quality and poor neighbourhood quality each contribute to lower psychological well-being. Furthermore better neighbourhood quality buffers against the negative effects of poor housing quality on psychological well-being. These results fill a gap in research concerning the ability of neighbourhood quality to amplify or attenuate housing quality impacts on well-being.

[35]Juon H S, Ensminger M E, Feehan M.2003.

Childhood adversity and later mortality in an urban African American cohort

[J]. American Journal of Public Health, 93(12): 2044-2046.

https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.12.2044 URL PMID: 14652330 [本文引用: 1] 摘要

No abstract is available for this item.

[36]Kasl S V.1972.

Physical and mental health effects of involuntary relocation and institutionalization on the elderly: A review

[J]. American Journal of Public Health, 62(3): 377-384.

https://doi.org/10.1093/eic/54.2.128 URL PMID: 4551723 [本文引用: 2] 摘要

What are the effects of relocation and institutionalization on the aged? A review of the literature on this problem indicates the many gaps in our knowledge. Based on this review the author suggests further studies which could contribute more effectively to our understanding of the process of relocation and institutionalization.

[37]Lander S M, Brazill A L, Ladrigan P M.1997.

Intrainstitutional relocation: effects on residents' behavior and psychosocial functioning

[J]. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 23(4): 35-41.

https://doi.org/10.3928/0098-9134-19970401-13 URL PMID: 9146183 [本文引用: 2] 摘要

Relocation effects in the elderly have been a topic of gerontologic research for many years. Prior research, however, has focused on individuals who could make a cognitive appraisal of the relocation process. With a greater prevalence of cognitive impairments and/or psychiatric illnesses in long-term care residents, research is needed to clarify the impact of relocation on these individuals.The purpose of this study was to determine how intrainstitutional relocation affects behavior and psychosocial functioning in residents with and without cognitive, mood, and/or psychotic disorders.This prospective study followed 78 residents being relocated intrainstitutionally in a health-related facility that was undergoing major renovations. Medical and nursing information was collected at 1 month pre-move and at 1 and 3 months post-move. Five areas of behavioral and psychosocial functioning (self-care, disoriented behavior, depressed/anxious mood, irritable behavior, and withdrawn behavior) were assessed using the Multidimensional Observation Scale for Elderly Subjects (MOSES).A significant increase was seen in the number of medical visits (p = .04) from time of relocation to 1 month post-move. The groups diagnosed with mood disorder and psychotic disorder had a statistically significant weight loss (p = .04) between 1 month pre-move and 1 month post-move. The study revealed an increase in the number of residents who fell immediately after relocation, but the increase did not reach statistical significance (p = 12). Residents who fell after relocation had resided at the facility for a longer time than the remainder of the sample (p = .08). Residents with a diagnosis of cognitive impairment showed a statistically significant difference in self-care (p = 0.01) and withdrawn behavior (p = 0.01) at 3 months post-move. Extensive relocation preparation and support may have been the main contribution to diminishing the stress of relocation over time and across diagnostic categories.

[38]Leu J, Yen I H, Gansky S A, et al.2008.

The association between subjective social status and mental health among Asian immigrants: Investigating the influence of age at immigration

[J]. Social Science & Medicine, 66(5): 1152-1164.

[本文引用: 1]

[39]Lin K C, Twisk J W R, Huang H C.2012.

Longitudinal impact of frequent geographic relocation from adolescence to adulthood on psychosocial stress and vital exhaustion at ages 32 and 42 years: The Amsterdam growth and health longitudinal study

[J]. Journal of Epidemiology, 22(5): 469-476.

https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20110141 URL [本文引用: 4]

[40]Lin K C, Twisk J W R, Rong J R.2011.

Longitudinal interrelationships between frequent geographic relocation and personality development: Results from the Amsterdam growth and health longitudinal study

[J]. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(2): 285-292.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01097.x URL PMID: 21486270 [本文引用: 1] 摘要

This study is part of the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study, which was undertaken to assess the long-term interrelationships between cumulative frequency of geographic relocation (CFGR) and the development of personality characteristics (i.e., Inadequacy, Rigidity, Social Inadequacy, Dominance, Self-sufficiency, Self-esteem, and Hostility). We found that participants who had more mobility experiences had lower consistency in their personality characteristics (the exception being Rigidity). Residential mobility from different life stages was positively associated with the continuity and change of Inadequacy and Dominance. In addition, young adults with higher Rigidity personality experienced fewer geographic moves during the transition from young adulthood to mid-life. Our study provides evidence that CFGR in different life stages may be associated with the development of personality characteristics from young adulthood to mid-life in different ways. Increased awareness of the potential interrelationships between frequent geographic relocation and personality development may have positive consequences for adult psychological health.

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Neighborhood effects on the long-term well-being of low-income adults

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https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1224648 URL PMID: 3491569 [本文引用: 1] 摘要

Nearly 9 million Americans live in extreme-poverty neighborhoods, places that also tend to be racially segregated and dangerous. Yet, the effects on the well-being of residents of moving out of such communities into less distressed areas remain uncertain. Using data from Moving to Opportunity, a unique randomized housing mobility experiment, we found that moving from a high-poverty to lower-poverty neighborhood leads to long-term (10- to 15-year) improvements in adult physical and mental health and subjective well-being, despite not affecting economic self-sufficiency. A 1-standard deviation decline in neighborhood poverty (13 percentage points) increases subjective well-being by an amount equal to the gap in subjective well-being between people whose annual incomes differ by $13,000--a large amount given that the average control group income is $20,000. Subjective well-being is more strongly affected by changes in neighborhood economic disadvantage than racial segregation, which is important because racial segregation has been declining since 1970, but income segregation has been increasing.

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https://doi.org/10.1504/IJKBD.2010.032588 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要

This paper explores the dynamic relationship between urban form and information and communication technologies (ICT) in an intrametropolitan context of the Washington, DC region. We ask if knowledge-based developments coupled with ICT lead to new settlement forms and urban patterns. The findings of the regression analyses provide evidence of the interdependence between ICT and urban form. Contrary to the expectation that ICT would trigger centrifugal (i.e., decentralisation) forces in shaping the urban form, these findings suggest that ICT evoke centripetal (i.e., centralisation) forces around the ICT cluster. The outcome seems to be driven by the uneven distribution of ICT through the metropolitan region; a more even distribution promised by wireless technologies would probably lead to different patterns. Ultimately, we learn that geographic location still matters for ICT and related activities, despite the 'death of geography' premise.

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The impact of intrainstitutional relocation on morbidity in an acute care setting

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https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/35.2.217 URL [本文引用: 1]

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Social origins of depression in old age

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https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.141.2.135 URL PMID: 7116052 [本文引用: 1] 摘要

In a comparison between elderly depressed subjects and normal elderly people in the general population, an association was found between severe life events, major social difficulties, poor physical health and the onset of depression. Working class subjects within the general population had a higher incidence of depression and this appeared to be explained by their poorer health and greater social difficulties. Those elderly people who lacked a confiding relationship were more vulnerable to depression. Evidence is presented that the lack of a confidant was a reflection of life-long personality traits.

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The health-related functions of social support

[J]. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(4): 381-406.

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00846149 URL PMID: 7338894 [本文引用: 1] 摘要

Abstract Social support research has been hampered by a lack of clarity both in the definitions of social support and in the conceptualization of its effects on health outcomes. The present study compared social network size and three types of perceived social support--tangible, emotional, and informational--in relation to stressful life events, psychological symptoms and morale, and physical health status in a sample of 100 persons 45-64 years old. Social network size was empirically separable from, though correlated with, perceived social support and had a weaker overall relationship to outcomes than did support. Low tangible support and emotional support, in addition to certain life events, were independently related to depression and negative morale; informational support was associated with positive morale. Neither social support nor stressful life events were associated with physical health. It was concluded that social support research would benefit from attention to the multidimensionality of support and greater specificity in hypotheses about the relationship between types of support and adaptational outcomes.

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Income, environment and health: A household level study of Aligarh City, India

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https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(95)00035-6 URL [本文引用: 1]

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The psychological context of residential mobility and weil-being

[J]. Journal of Social Issues, 38(3): 149-171.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1982.tb01776.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要

This article examines earlier research on residential mobility and health, and offers a theoretical framework that addresses certain issues neglected in that research. In general, previous analyses have characterized relocation as an acute and short-term life event that imposes considerable strains on the individual at the time of moving. This perspective minimizes the dynamic quality of mobility and ignores the longer-term health consequences of relocation which unfold gradually as the individual adjusts to the diverse life changes associated with moving. Alternatively, the proposed analysis assumes that the health effects of relocation depend not only on the immediate circumstances surrounding a move, but also on the broader context of the individual's residential history, current life situation, and aspirations for the future. Hypotheses concerning several psychological mediators of mobility and health are derived. These hypotheses are assessed in light of the findings from a longitudinal survey of residential experience and health.