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双季稻最佳磷肥和钾肥用量与密度组合研究

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2024-11-19 13:40

摘要: 【目的】为明确磷肥、钾肥用量和移栽密度对双季稻的施用效果,在田间试验条件下研究了不同磷肥用量、钾肥用量和移栽密度组合对江西双季稻产量、产量构成要素及磷肥和钾肥利用率的影响。【方法】本研究采用裂区试验设计研究了不同施磷量和移栽密度、不同施钾量和移栽密度对双季稻产量、磷肥和钾肥利用率的影响。磷肥用量和移栽密度试验中,设4个施磷水平(P2O5 0、60、90、120 kg/hm2,以P0、P60、P90和P120表示)和4种移栽密度(21×104、27×104、33×104、39×104 穴/hm2,以D21、D27、D33和D39表示)组合。钾肥用量和移栽密度试验中,设4个施钾水平(K2O 0、90、120、150 kg/hm2,以K0、K90、K120和K150表示),密度设置同磷肥试验。在水稻成熟期对产量以及产量构成要素进行测定,并分析其磷素和钾素的吸收量和利用率等指标。【结果】磷肥与密度试验中,同一施磷水平下,早稻产量和地上部磷素吸收量随着移栽密度的增加而增加,当施磷量超过60 kg/hm2时,产量和磷素吸收量不再随密度增加而显著增加,磷素吸收利用率(REP)、磷素农学效率(AEP)和磷素偏生产力(PFPP)逐步降低,以P60D39处理组合的产量和磷素吸收利用率最高,分别为5303.9 kg/hm2和24.4%,AEP为29.4 kg/kg; 晚稻则以施磷量在60 kg/hm2和33×104 穴/hm2密度组合的产量和磷素吸收利用率最高,分别为7246.9 kg/hm2和42.4%,AEP为36.2 kg/kg。钾肥与密度试验中,早稻的钾素吸收量随着施钾量的增加而增加,施钾量在120 kg/hm2和39×104 穴/hm2密度组合的处理产量和钾素吸收利用率(REK)最高,分别为6376.3 kg/hm2和67.2%,此时钾素农学效率(AEK)为15.6 kg/kg; 晚稻则以施钾量在90 kg/hm2和33×104 穴/hm2密度组合的处理产量和REK最佳,分别为7025.6 kg/hm2和74.0%,AEK为21.7 kg/kg。【结论】合理的磷肥、钾肥用量和移栽密度可以显著增加水稻单位面积有效穗数和养分累积量,进而增加水稻产量和肥料利用率,但过高的磷肥和钾肥施用会抑制产量的进一步增加。建议本研究区域的早稻采用施磷量在60 kg/hm2、施钾量120 kg/hm2和39×104穴/hm2的密度组合,而晚稻采用施磷量60 kg/hm2、施钾量90 kg/hm2和33×104 穴/hm2的密度组合。

Abstract: 【Objectives】 In order to determine effects of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer application and transplanting density (D) on double-rice systems, field experiments were conducted to study yield, yield components and phosphorus and potassium use efficiency of double-rice in Jiangxi province.【Methods】 Two split-plot experimental designs were conducted with different phosphorus and potassium application amounts and transplanting density to study grain yield and phosphorus and potassium use efficiency. There were four P rates (P2O5 0, 60, 90 and 120 kg/hm2 designated P0, P60, P90 and P120) and four transplanting densities (21×104, 27×104, 33×104, 39×104 hole/hm2 designated D21, D27, D33 and D39) for phosphorus experiment. In potassium experiment, there were four K rates (K2O 0, 90, 120, 150 kg/hm2 designated K0, K90, K120 and K150) and four transplanting densities similar to phosphorus experiment. The grain yield and its components were measured, and P and K uptake and use efficiency were analyzed at rice maturity.【Results】 In the P and plant density experiment for the same P level, the early rice yield and P uptake kept increased with the increasing of plant density until that the P application rate exceeded 60 kg/hm2. The P recovery efficiency (REP), P agronomic efficiency (AEP) and P partial factor productivity (PFPP) were decreased in similar trends like yield. The highest yield and REP were in combination of P2O5 60 kg/hm2 and 39×104 hole/hm2, in which the yield was 5303.9 kg/hm2 and REP 24.4%, and the AEP 29.4 kg/kg. The highest yield and REP were obtained in combination of P2O5 60 kg/hm2 and 33×104 hole/hm2 for late rice, in which the yield was 7246.9 kg/hm2, REP was 42.4% and AEP 36.2 kg/kg. In potassium experiment, transplanting density and K fertilizer application increase K uptake for early rice, the highest grain yield and K recovery efficiency (REK) were in combination of K2O 120 kg/hm2 and density of 39×104 hole/hm2, in which the yield was 6376.3 kg/hm2, REK was 67.2% and K agronomic efficiency (AEK) 15.6 kg/kg for early rice, the three highest indexes in late rice were obtained in combination of K2O 90 kg/hm2 and density of 33×104 hole/hm2, in which the yield was 7025.6 kg/hm2, REK was 74.0% and AEK 21.7 kg/kg.【Conclusions】 Rational combination of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and transplanting density can indeed significantly increase the effective panicle number of per unit area and total nutrient uptake, which is the main reason for yield increases and fertilizer use efficiency. High P and K fertilizer applications alone do not contribute to yield increases. The results suggested the optimum combination is P2O5 60 kg/hm2, K2O 120 kg/hm2 plus density of 39×104 hole/hm2 for early rice, and P2O5 60 kg/hm2, K2O 90 kg/hm2 plus density of 33×104 hole/hm2 for late rice under double-rice systems in the studied region.

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