首页分享 2010—2020年全国冰雹灾害事件时空分布特征

2010—2020年全国冰雹灾害事件时空分布特征

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2025-05-23 00:06

摘要:

基于中国气象局气象灾害管理系统冰雹灾情数据，运用统计方法和GIS技术，对2010—2020年中国冰雹灾害事件时空分布特征进行研究，结果表明: (1) 2010—2020年，全国冰雹事件出现的站数和站日数在增加，大冰雹事件则相反呈减少趋势。(2) 冰雹季节性明显，夏季和冬季分别为冰雹站日数最多和最少的季节，6月最多，11月最少，西南和华中地区表现为双峰结构，其他为单峰结构；大冰雹月变化与冰雹类似，但12月最少，且在西南地区表现为单峰结构。(3)日变化上，冰雹/大冰雹主要集中于午后至傍晚。华南呈现双峰结构，其他地区呈单峰结构，西北地区峰值出现时间比其他地区晚1 h。(4) 空间分布上，西北、西南和华北地区的冰雹/大冰雹站日数明显高于其它地区，而东北、华南大冰雹站日数比例高于其他地区。冰雹/大冰雹年均日数呈带状多区分布，最多的为云贵高原，其次为秦岭、阴山、大兴安岭及天山一带。而低发区的华东地区在春季反而成为大冰雹的高发区。(5) 海拔高度分布上，在1.5—2 km处最易出现冰雹，在1— 1.5 km高度上最易出现大冰雹；冬季冰雹主要在海拔高度2 km以下，随着温度升高，高海拔冰雹逐渐增多，9月高海拔地区冰雹比例达到最大。

Abstract:

Based on the hail data of the China Meteorological Administration, the spatial and temporal distributions of hail disaster eents in China during 2010-2020 are studied by using the statistical method and GIS technology. The result is shown below. (1) The number of stations and the days of hails in China increase, while the number of severe hails decreases during 2010-2020. (2) The seasonal change is significant for the number of stations and the days of hails with the maximum in summer and the minimum in winter. In terms of monthly variation, hail occurs most often in June and least often in November. In southwest and central China, the monthly variation of the number of stations and the days of hails is bimodal. The monthly distribution of severe hail is similar to that of hail, but it occurs least often in December. The severe hail occurs most frequently in southwest China. (3) For diurnal variation, hail or severe hail mainly occurrs from afternoon to evening. The peak appears 1-hour later in northwest China than in other areas. (4) In terms of spatial distribution, the number of stations and the days of hail or severe disaster in Northwest, Southwest, and North China are significantly higher than those in the other regions, and the proportion of severe hail in Northeast and South China is higher than that in the other regions. The annual average days of hail or severe hail are distributed in multi-zone bands, and the multi-hail area extends along the mountains, with the largest value located in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, followed by the mountains of Qinling, Yinshan, Daxing 'anling, and Tianshan. In addition, the low-incidence area of eastern China in spring has become a high-incidence area of hail. (5)From the elevation distribution, hail is most likely to occur at the altitude of 1.5-2 km, and severe hail is most likely to occur at the altitude of 1-1.5 km. In winter, hail is mainly below 2 km. With the rise of temperature, hail gradually increases in the high-altitude areas, and the proportion of hailstones in the high-altitude areas reaches the maximum in September.

图 1 2010—2020全国冰雹/大冰雹站日数、站数的年际变化

Figure 1. The interannual distribution of the number of hail station day and station / severe hail in China from 2010 to 2020

图 2 2010—2020年全国各区域冰雹站日数年际变化

Figure 2. Interannual distribution of the number of hail station and day in each region in China from 2010 to 2020

图 3 2010—2020年全国各区域大冰雹站日数年际变化

Figure 3. Interannual distribution of the number of severe hail station and day in each region in China from 2010 to 2020

图 4 2010—2020年全国冰雹/大冰雹站日数月变化

Figure 4. Monthly distribution of the number of hail/severe hail station and day in China from 2010 to 2020

图 5 2010—2020年全国不同区域各月冰雹站日数百分比月变化

Figure 5. Monthly proportion of the number of hail station and day in different regions in China from 2010 to 2020

图 6 2010—2020年全国冰雹/大冰雹站日数日变化

Figure 6. Daily distribution of proportion of hail/severe hail station and day in China from 2010 to 2020

图 7 2010—2020年全国不同区域冰雹站日数百分比日变化

Figure 7. Daily distribution of proportion of hail station and day in different regions in China from 2010 to 2020

图 8 2010—2020年全国各测站年均冰雹(a)和大冰雹(b)日数(单位：d·a-1)空间分布

Figure 8. Space distribution of average annual number of (a) hail and (b) severe hail day at each station (unit: d·a-1) in China from 2010 to 2020

图 9 2010—2020年全国不同区域大冰雹站日数在冰雹站日数中的百分比

Figure 9. Percentage of severe hail station day in different regions in hail station day in China from 2010 to 2020

图 10 2010—2020年全国3月(a, b)、4月(c, d)、5月(e, f)的冰雹(a, c, e月)和大冰雹(b, d, f)日数(单位: d)空间分布

Figure 10. Space distribution of days (unit: d) for (a, c, e) hail and severe hail (b, d, f) at each station in (a, b) March, (c, d) April, (e, f) May in China from 2010 to 2020

图 11 2010—2020年全国6月(a, b)、7月(c, d)、8月(e, f)冰雹(a, c, e月)和大冰雹（b, d, f) 日数(单位: d)的空间分布

Figure 11. Space distribution of days (unit: d) for (a, c, e) hail and severe hail (b, d, f) at each station in (a, b) June, (c, d) July, (e, f) August in China from 2010 to 2020

图 12 2010—2020年全国不同海拔高度区间冰雹/大冰雹站日数百分比

Figure 12. Percentage of hails station day and severe hail station day at different altitudes in China from 2010 to 2020

图 13 2010—2020年全国冰雹/大冰雹年均日数与海拔高度区间对应关系

Figure 13. Correlation between average annual number of hail or large hail day and altitude in China from 2010 to 2020

表 1 全国各月不同海拔高度区间冰雹站日数百分比(单位：%)

Table 1 Percentage of hail day at different altitudes of each month in China (unit: %)

海拔高度区间/km 月份 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 [0，0.2] 4.1 46.6 35.7 24.4 24.6 25.7 11.5 9.8 18.6 16.7 8.3 / (0.2，0.5] 6.1 8.6 22.4 20.1 13.0 11.6 9.8 5.9 5.1 0.0 25.0 5.9 (0.5，1] 30.6 20.7 14.7 16.6 15.9 18.7 18.6 12.6 11.9 10.0 50.0 41.2 (1，1.5] 36.7 19.0 19.4 25.0 26.0 24.3 27.7 26.6 23.5 35.0 16.7 41.2 (1.5，2] 22.4 5.2 7.7 12.8 16.2 13.2 20.6 27.0 14.2 18.3 / 11.8 (2，2.5] / / 0.2 1.1 3.1 4.0 6.1 9.1 12.6 16.7 / / (2.5，3] / / / / 0.8 1.0 1.8 3.1 2.6 1.7 / / (3，3.5] / / / / 0.3 0.7 0.5 1.9 3.3 1.7 / / (3.5，4] / / / / 0.1 0.7 1.4 1.7 3.3 / / / ＞4 / / / / 0.2 1.9 2.2 4.9 / / / 注：表中“/”表示所在月份及对应海拔高度区间未出现过冰雹。陈楠, 黄玉芳, 马慧妍. 2018. 鲁西南地区主要气象灾害时空分布特征分析[J]. 中国农学通报, 34(8): 83-89. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNTB201808013.htm

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