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优化碳同化实现作物高光效研究进展

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2025-05-10 22:03

摘要:

随着全球人口的持续增长和耕地面积的不断减少，人类生存所面临的粮食危机越来越严重。进一步提高作物产量是保障我国粮食生产安全的重要途径。光合作用是作物产量形成的物质基础，采用现代育种技术以提高作物光合效率为中心的作物改良被认为是新一轮的“绿色革命”。本文从提高Rubisco羧化活性、将C4光合途径引入C3作物、降低光呼吸碳耗损等方面，介绍了优化改进植物光合碳同化领域的研究进展、存在的瓶颈问题，以及提高作物光合效率的实践应用；对当前改善植物光合碳同化的研究重点和方向进行了展望。

关键词: 高光效 / 光合作用 / 光呼吸 / 作物

Abstract:

With the continuing growth of population and the decrease in arable lands, the global food crisis is becoming a serious problem for human beings. Therefore, further improving crop yield is important for our country to ensure food production safety. Photosynthesis is the material basis for crop yield, and the crop improvement focusing on increasing photosynthetic efficiency via modern breeding technologies is considered to be a new round of “Green revolution”. In this review, we summarize recent advances, current challenges, and applications in enhancing plant carbon assimilation through different approaches, including improving the carboxylation activity of Rubisco, introducing C4 photosynthesis into C3 crops, and reducing photorespiration. We also propose promising research emphasis and directions for imporving photosynthetic carbon assimilation of plants.

图 1 C3与C4植物光合作用比较[35]

Figure 1. Comparison of the photosynthesis pathways of C3 and C4 plants

图 2 以提高光合效率为目标的光呼吸支路改造策略[7, 13, 62-68]

红色字体表示在叶绿体中过表达的酶；Ac-CoA：乙酰辅酶A；CmMS：南瓜苹果酸合酶；CrGLDH：单亚基莱茵衣藻乙醇酸脱氢酶；EcGDH (DEF)：多亚基大肠埃希菌乙醇酸脱氢酶；EcTSR：羟基丙二酸半醛还原酶； ME：内源苹果酸酶；OsGOX3：双功能乙醇酸氧化酶；OsOxOx：草酸氧化酶；PDH：内源丙酮酸脱氢酶；PLGG1：叶绿体乙醇酸/甘油酸转运体

Figure 2. Strategies of manipulating photorespiration pathways aiming at improving photosynthetic rate

Overexpressed enzymes in choroplast are shown in red; Ac-CoA: Acetyl-CoA; CmMS: Cucurbita moschata malate synthase; CrGLDH: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii single-protein glycolate dehydrogenase; EcGDH(DEF): Multi-subunit glycolate dehydrogenase; EcTSR: Tartronate-semialdehyde reductase; ME: Endogenous malate enzyme; OsGOX3: Bifunctional glycolate oxidase; OsOxOx: Oxalate oxidase; PDH: Endogenous pyruvate dehydrogenase; PLGG1: Plastidicglycolate/glycerate translocator 1

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