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Identification of a Cordyceps easily confused with Isaria cicadae Miquel and analysis of bacterial community in sclerotia

来源:花匠小妙招 时间:2025-05-06 23:58

摘要: 【背景】 中国浙江省民间常将一种称为“雄蝉花” (也称独角龙)的虫草误认为是雌蝉花(Isaria cicadae Miquel)的同种,因此有必要为二者作出区分。【目的】 通过形态、rDNA ITS序列比较蝉花和独角龙的差异,为2种虫草的鉴别提供理论依据;探究二者内菌核细菌群落组成及功能,加深对2种虫草的理解。【方法】 通过分离纯培养技术获得蝉花和独角龙菌株;显微镜观察比较2种真菌产孢细胞的形态特征;通过高通量测序技术检测内菌核细菌群落组成并进行功能分析。【结果】 经鉴定,蝉花为蝉棒束孢(Isaria cicadae),独角龙为独角龙弯颈霉(Tolypocladium dujiaolongae);在细菌属水平上,蝉花内菌核优势细菌属为无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)、Diplorickettsiaceae未定名属和根瘤菌属(Rhizobium),独角龙弯颈霉内菌核细菌有鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingobacterium)、沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)等潜在病原菌属;蝉花和独角龙弯颈霉细菌COG数据库预测功能相似,KEGG Pathway丰度相近。内菌核细菌群落涉及24种基因功能家族,其功能大多与转运和代谢相关,其中与新陈代谢相关的丰度最大。【结论】 蝉花和独角龙是不同的物种,而且内菌核细菌群落组成差异较大,细菌主要参与2种虫草的代谢过程;独角龙弯颈霉内菌核存在病原性细菌类群,食用独角龙弯颈霉同食用蝉花相比安全性有待研究。

Identification of a Cordyceps easily confused with Isaria cicadae Miquel and analysis of bacterial community in sclerotia

Abstract: [Background] In Zhejiang province, China, the male form of cicada that is called the "male cicada flower" (Dujiaolong) is more often identified as female form (Isaria cicadae Miquel). So, it is necessary to distinguish them. [Objective] The theoretical basis for the identification of Isaria cicadae Miquel and Dujiaolong is provided by the difference of morphology and rDNA ITS sequence. Meanwhile, to further understand these two species, we analyzed the composition and function of bacterial community in sclerotia. [Methods] Technology of strains extraction and purification was conducted to obtain Isaria cicadae Miquel and Dujiaolong. Morphological characteristics of the cells which sporulate spores from these two entomopathogenic fungi were identified by microscope. With the technology of high-throughput sequencing, we analyzed the composition and function of bacterial community in sclerotia. [Results] The "cicada flower" (Chan-hua) was identified as Isaria cicadae, Dujiaolong was identified as Tolypocladium dujiaolongae. At the level of bacterial genus, the dominant bacteria in the sclerotia of Isaria cicadae Miquel is Achromobacter, a genus that is unclassified in Diplorickettsiacea, Rhizobium. In Tolypocladium dujiaolongae, the sclerotia has some potential pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Sphingobacterium and Serratia). Based on the bacterial COG database, the function of Isaria cicadae and Tolypocladium dujiaolongae was similar to each other. Meanwhile, the KEGG Pathway abundance of Isaria cicadae and Tolypocladium dujiaolongae was close. The 24-functional-gene families of these two species in sclerotia's bacterial community were closely related to matter translocation and metabolism. The result show that the bacteria were highly related to metastasis. [Conclusion] Isaria cicadae Miquel is different from Dujiaolong. And the composition of bacterial community of these two species in internal sclerotia is different. The bacteria are mainly involved in the metabolic process of the two entomopathogenic fungi. Due to the pathogenic bacteria groups in the sclerotia of Tolypocladium dujiaolongae, the food safety of the "Tolypocladium dujiaolongae" should be skeptical when it is compared with Isaria cicadae Miquel.

Keywords: Isaria cicadae Miquel    Dujiaolong    sclerotia    bacterial community    functional analysis    

地球上真菌的数量据估计有14万种,人类已知的真菌物种数量仅占10%左右,而食用菌以营养丰富、口感佳的优势在人类饮食中占据重要地位[1]。食用菌既被作为食物来源,又被广泛应用于医药领域[2-4],少部分食用菌已实现人工栽培[5-6]。蝉花(Isaria cicadae Miquel)隶属子囊菌门肉座菌目虫草科棒束孢属,是蝉棒束孢寄生在蝉若虫所形成的虫菌复合体,是中国传统中药[7]和食品[8],公元五世纪的南北朝时期就有记载[9]。蝉花中含有多糖、核苷类及多球壳菌素等活性物质[10],有镇痛、镇静、改善肾功能等药用功能[11],其在中国华南地区被长期使用。浙江省是我国蝉花资源的重要产地,但当地也有一些寄生蝉若虫的虫草,如独角龙、大蝉草和小蝉草等[12],其中一种名为“雄蝉花”的虫草与雌蝉花易被混淆在一起食用(图 1),因此有必要为二者作出区分。

图 1 自然环境中采集到的蝉花和独角龙Figure 1 Isaria cicadae Miquel and Dujiaolong collected in natural environment注:A:蝉花;B:独角龙Note: A: Isaria cicadae Miquel; B: Dujiaolong

高通量测序技术现已被应用于探究虫草微生物群落多样性[13-15],屈青松等[16]对蝉花内菌核中的内生菌进行分析,揭示蝉花内生细菌的潜在利用价值。淳于彦洁[17]研究发现不同产地、不同部位的蝉花细菌群落各有特点,表明内菌核细菌群落对虫生真菌多样性研究具有重要意义,细菌所执行的生物学功能在虫草发育过程中起重要调控作用。由此推测,内菌核细菌群落丰富的生物多样性是否意味着复杂的生态关系,在分类上内菌核细菌微生物组或可作为蝉花等虫草鉴定的标记性信息。

本文从形态学和分子系统学方面对蝉花与独角龙进行区分,讨论二者的分类地位,并探讨二者内菌核细菌群落组成和功能,明确蝉花和独角龙的分类地位,以期为蝉花和独角龙的区分提供更丰富的数据支持。

1 材料与方法1.1 材料

蝉花和独角龙样品均来自位于东经119°663 1′、北纬30°085 7′的浙江省杭州市富阳区菖蒲村附近区域,该地区为亚热带季风气候,年平均气温16.6 ℃,年平均降雨量364.45 mm,雨水充沛。

马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(g/L):马铃薯200.0,葡萄糖20.0,琼脂粉18.0,pH自然。1×105 Pa灭菌30 min。

真菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒,无锡百泰克生物技术有限公司;2×A8 PCR Mix,艾德莱生物科技有限公司。PCR仪,Bio-Rad公司;光学显微镜,奥林巴斯公司;琼脂糖凝胶电泳仪,北京市六一生物技术有限公司;恒温恒湿箱,韶关市广智科技设备有限公司。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 菌株的分离及形态观察

将蝉花和独角龙子实体剪掉,去除虫体表面杂质,用无菌水冲洗后浸泡在75%酒精中消毒2-3 min,无菌纸巾擦干虫体,采用内部组织分离法分别获得蝉花和独角龙菌株,采用点接法分别将蝉花和独角龙接种于PDA平板中央,25 ℃、RH 65%分别培养7 d和14 d后,拍照记录菌落形态及镜检观察微观结构。

1.2.2 内菌核的获得

各取3株蝉花和独角龙样品,将子实体剪掉,去除虫体表面杂质,用无菌水冲洗后浸泡在75%酒精中2-3 min,在无菌状态下用无菌手术刀轻轻划开虫体,无菌镊子挑取内菌核,蝉花内菌核样品编号为ZJCH_1、ZJCH_2和ZJCH_3;独角龙内菌核样品编号为ZJDJL_1、ZJDJL_2和ZJDJL_3。

1.2.3 菌株DNA提取、rDNA-ITS序列扩增及测序

刮取蝉花和独角龙平板菌落菌丝,按总DNA提取试剂盒进行样本DNA提取,采用引物对ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′)和ITS4 (5′-TC CTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) PCR扩增rDNA ITS序列。PCR反应体系:真菌DNA 2 μL,2×A8 PCR Mix 12.5 μL,引物ITS1和ITS4 (5.5 nmol/OD)各1 μL,补ddH2O至20 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃ 3 min;95 ℃ 30 s,55 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 45 s,35个循环;72 ℃ 10 min;10 ℃保存[18]。PCR扩增产物送至昆明擎科生物有限公司进行测序。

1.2.4 菌株分子系统发育分析

PCR扩增产物测序结果标准化后,经NCBI中BLAST比对,选择下载相似性较高序列的rDNA ITS序列,利用MEGA 7.0软件采用ClustalX方法进行序列比对和手工校对,用Bootstrap进行1 000次检验,构建Neighbor-Joining系统发育树。

1.2.5 高通量测序及分类单元注释

经MiSeq测序得到的双端序列数据,首先根据PE Reads间的Overlap关系进行拼接,将成对的Reads拼接成一条序列,同时进行Reads的质控和过滤,根据序列首尾两端的Barcode和引物序列区分样品得到有效序列,全部原始序列经过滤、优化、去除嵌合体后进行OTU聚类及基于代表序列做分类学分析。

1.2.6 细菌群落组成分析

在细菌属水平上统计蝉花和独角龙样本的物种丰度,相对丰度为每组样本3个重复的平均值,通过柱形图直观展示细菌群落组成。

1.2.7 细菌功能预测

分析蝉花和独角龙内菌核细菌群落功能。利用PICRUSt (http://picrust.github.io/picrust/)对细菌的16S rRNA基因序列进行KEGG和COG功能注释,获得OTU在KEGG、COG各功能水平的注释信息及各功能在不同样本中的丰度信息。

2 结果与分析2.1 菌株形态

蝉花和独角龙菌株在PDA培养基中生长良好,菌落形态均近似圆形,但菌落形态和显微形态差异显著(图 2)。培养7 d后,蝉花菌落直径约4.5 cm,形态呈圆形、平展,菌丝呈白色、粉状,菌落从中央到边缘整体呈放射状,正反面颜色均雪白,具体描述为分生孢子梗轮生,长10.0-11.8 μm,2-3个分枝,瓶梗基部膨大呈柱形,向上变细,(2.22-2.27) μm×(0.90-1.11) μm,颈长2.2 μm左右,分生孢子透明、光滑,呈长椭圆形,(6.9-5.9) μm× (1.6-2.2) μm,孢子排列成链状,鉴定为蝉棒束孢。

图 2 菌株形态Figure 2 Strain morphology注:A-D为蝉花形态;E-H为独角龙形态;A和E:菌落正面形态;B和F:菌落反面形态;C和G:菌株产孢结构;D和H:菌株孢子形态。Bar=10 μmNote: A-D: Morphology of Isaria cicadae Miquel; E-H: Morphology of Dujiaolong; A and E: Surface of colony; B and F: Back of colony; C and G: Spore-forming structure of strain; D and H: Spore morphology of strain. Bar=10 μm

培养14 d后,独角龙菌落直径约1.7 cm,形态近似圆形,边缘不规则,菌落中央明显隆起,边缘略低,菌丝浓密呈绒毛状,正面颜色雪白,反面中央呈褐色,从中央至边缘褐色逐渐变淡,独角龙的显微结构菌丝体有隔,具有2种产孢结构:一种孢子的孢子梗较短,单生,倾斜,从基部到顶部逐渐变细,长5.8-9.6 μm,基部宽1.2-2.3 μm,顶部宽0.8-0.9 μm;另一种孢子直接单生于菌丝顶端,从基部到顶部逐渐变细,顶部宽1.2-1.9 μm,分生孢子透明,呈不规则球形,(5.0-7.7) μm×(2.7-2.72) μm,孢子聚集呈团状,鉴定为独角龙弯颈霉。

2.2 菌株系统发育分析

通过与NCBI中已有的基因序列进行比对,结果表明蝉花与棒束孢属Isaria的rDNA ITS序列相似性最高,达到99%。选择粉棒束孢(I. farinosa)、环链棒束孢(I. cateniannulata)、玫烟色棒束孢(I. fumosorosea)、斜链棒束孢(I. cateniobliqua)、爪哇棒束孢(I. javanica)等ITS序列进行系统发育树构建,食蚜蝇虫霉(Entomophthora syrphi)作为外群,结果显示菌株的rDNA ITS序列与蝉棒束孢(I. cicadae)聚为一个分支,与其他棒束孢距离较远,结合形态学结果最终鉴定为蝉棒束孢(I. cicadae)。独角龙与弯颈霉属Tolypocladium的rDNA ITS序列相似性最高,达到98%。选择柱孢弯颈霉(T. cylindrosporum)、日本弯颈霉(T. japonicum)、长孢大团囊虫草(T. longisegmentum)、T. album、T. pustulatm等ITS序列进行系统发育树构建,结果显示独角龙ITS序列与独角龙弯颈霉(T. dujiaolongae)聚为一个分支,支持率为100%,与其他弯颈霉距离较远,结合形态学分析结果最终鉴定为独角龙弯颈霉(T. dujiaolongae) (图 3)。

图 3 基于目标菌株及相关菌株rDNA ITS序列构建的Neighbor-Joining系统发育树Figure 3 Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic tree based on rDNA ITS sequences of target isolates and related isolates注:系统发育树中括号中数字代表GenBank序列号;分支点上的数字代表计算1 000次聚类到一起的几率;标尺代表遗传距离Note: In the phylogenetic trees, the numbers in brackets means the GenBank accession numbers; the number at the node means the percentage of occurrence in 1 000 boot-strapped trees; the scale means the genetic distance

2.3 蝉花和独角龙内菌核细菌群落组成

在属水平上,2种虫生真菌内菌核细菌群落组成差异较大(图 4)。蝉花内菌核样本优势细菌属为无色杆菌属(Achromobacter) (20.16%)、Diplorickettsiaceae未定名属(19.30%)和根瘤菌属(Rhizobium) (9.96%),其中Diplorickettsiaceae未定名属为蝉的内生细菌[19],此次在蝉花内菌核中被发现,由此推测此细菌可能来源于寄主昆虫。独角龙内菌核样本检测到优势属包括鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingobacterium) (30.46%)、Kosakonia (16.83%)、西地西菌属(Cedecea)(16.36%)和沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)(12.85%),其中鞘氨醇杆菌属和沙雷氏菌属为潜在的病原菌属。

图 4 在属水平上蝉花和独角龙内菌核细菌群落组成及其相对丰度Figure 4 Community composition and relative abundance of sclerotia bacteria in Isaria cicadae Miquel andDujiaolong at genus level注:相对丰度小于1%的属归为其他Note: Genera with relative abundance less than 1% are classified as other

2.4 蝉花和独角龙细菌16S rRNA基因功能预测分析

为获得蝉花和独角龙2组样本中的细菌功能,采用PICRUSt进行菌群功能预测分析。图 5表明2组样本经均值计算后,细菌COG数据库预测功能相似,KEGG Pathway丰度相近。COG数据库预测功能分类显示,细菌群落共计24个基因功能家族,它们的主要功能大多与转运和代谢相关,包括氨基酸转运与代谢(Amino Acid Transport and Metabolism,7.77%-10.18%)、转录(Transcription,8.01%-8.29%)、一般功能预测(General Function Prediction Only,7.99%-9.01%)、无机离子运输与代谢(Inorganic Ion Transport and Metabolism,6.87%-8.07%)、碳水化合物运输与代谢(Carbohydrate Transport and Metabolism,6.40%-7.67%)。

图 5 蝉花和独角龙16S rRNA基因功能预测分析Figure 5 Prediction and analysis of 16S rRNA gene function of Isaria cicadae Miquel and Dujiaolong注:A:OTU水平各样本细菌COG功能分类;B:OTU水平各样本细菌KEGG Pathway相对丰度Note: A: COG functional classification of various bacteria at OTU level; B: Bacterial KEGG pathway relative abundance of different samples at OTU level

内菌核细菌群落KEGG Pathway丰度统计结果显示,蝉花和独角龙2组样本中与新陈代谢(Metabolism)相关的丰度最大为57.94%-58.40%,与遗传信息处理(Genetic Information Processing)和环境信息处理(Environmental Information Processing)相关的丰度有所差异,蝉花中与遗传信息处理和环境信息处理相关的丰度分别为18.36%和16.09%,独角龙中分别为9.64%和22.34%。

3 讨论与结论

近年来,随着分子生物学的发展,可以更加深入和准确地鉴定物种,给真菌的系统分类带来了生机[20],但依靠现行的鉴定方法无法准确识别所有物种[21]。蝉花、大蝉草、小蝉草和独角龙弯颈霉的寄主均为蝉若虫,在人们的认知里经常将它们混淆。蝉棒束孢(Isaria cicadae)曾被认为是大蝉草的无性型,曹玉朋[22]经鉴定否定了大蝉草的无性型为蝉棒束孢,将大蝉草归于Tolypocladium属,提出了大蝉草的新组合名(Tolypocladium cicade)(S.Z. Shing) Y.P. Cao & C.R. Li。大蝉草与小蝉草(Cordyceps sobolifera)(Hill ex Watson) Berk & Broome很相似,但微观特征明显不同,而且小蝉草有记载出现食物中毒的现象[23]。雄蝉花(独角龙)过去被部分学者认为是奇异弯颈霉(Tolypocladium paradoxum)[24-25],直到2018年Li等[26]对独角龙进行形态学和分子系统学鉴定,认为独角龙是奇异弯颈霉的近缘种,相似性为98.1%,将其重新描述为弯颈霉属一新种,定名为独角龙弯颈霉(Tolypocladium dujiaolongae),这一观点得到大多数真菌学家的认可。

我们经形态鉴定发现独角龙弯颈霉有2种产孢结构,可是张晓莹[27]在对大团囊虫草及其近缘种生物学研究中未提及该现象,而Li等[26]在研究中发现2种孢子形态,但未提及有2种产孢结构,孢子形态和产孢结构的差异是否和真菌成熟度有关,这一点有待后续研究证实。独角龙弯颈霉内菌核细菌群落检测到2种病原菌属,占内菌核细菌群落30.46%的鞘氨醇杆菌属细菌,作为病原性细菌可引起菌血症和溃疡感染[28-29];沙雷氏菌属作为条件致病菌逐渐受到人们的重视,该菌可导致免疫功能低下的人群发生尿道感染、呼吸道感染以及败血症[30-31]。2种虫生真菌的细菌COG数据库预测功能和KEGG Pathway丰度基本相似,内菌核细菌群落在虫生真菌生长过程中的转运和代谢及新陈代谢方面发挥重要作用。然而独角龙弯颈霉中的病原菌属参与了真菌生长的代谢过程,因此独角龙弯颈霉食用的安全性值得关注。

不同产地的蝉花内生细菌存在差异,安徽蝉花内生细菌的优势属为西地西菌属(Cedecea)和立克次体属(Rickettsia),浙江蝉花内生细菌的优势属为伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia)和无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)[16]。由此可知来自安徽省和浙江省的蝉花内生细菌优势属完全不同;本文浙江蝉花的内生细菌优势属主要为无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)和Diplorickettsiaceae未定名属,比较得出,同为来自浙江省的蝉花,内生细菌优势属均有无色杆菌属,但也存在差异,原因可能是蝉花生长的生境不同。因此,高通量数据可为虫草类真菌的鉴定提供更丰富的生态信息,如果将高通量数据与不同生境中的环境因子结合,可作为虫草类真菌的地域性标记特征等。

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