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睡莲Nymphaea tetragona Georgi

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2024-12-31 15:48

别名：European white waterlily;香睡莲;白睡莲;子午莲;白花睡莲;洋睡莲;欧洲白睡莲;

科名：睡莲科 Nymphaeaceae

属名：睡莲属 Nymphaea

《中国植物志》第27卷009页
  3. 睡莲　图4
  Nymphaea tetragona Georgi, Bemerk. Reise Russ. Reiche 1: 220. 1775; Conard, Waterlilies 167. t. 14. 1905; Kom. Fl. URSS 7: 11. t. 1, f. 1. 1937; Gagn. in Lecte. Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine Suppl. 1: 50. 1938-46; 佐藤润平, 满洲水草图谱 76. pl. 38. 1941; 裴鉴、单人骅, 华东水生维管束植物 42. f. 51. 1952; 大井次三郎, 日本植物志 508. 1956; 江苏南部种子植物手册 271. f. 426. 1959; 中国高等植物图鉴 1: 648. f. 1295. 1972; 东北草本植物志 3: 82. pl. 33, f. 1-4. 1975. ——N. acutiloba DC. Prodr. 1: 116. 1824. ——Castalia crassifolia Hand.-Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7. 333. f. 7. 1931. ——N. crassifolia (Hand.-Mazz.) Nakai in Journ. Jap. Bot. 14: 751. in textu. 1938. ——N. tetragona Georgi var. crassifolia (Hand.-Mazz.) Chu, 东北草本植物志 3: 82. pl. 33, f. 5. 1975.
  多年水生草本；根状茎短粗。叶纸质，心状卵形或卵状椭圆形，长5-12厘米，宽3.5-9厘米，基部具深弯缺，约占叶片全长的1/3，裂片急尖，稍开展或几重合，全缘，上面光亮，下面带红色或紫色，两面皆无毛，具小点；叶柄长达60厘米。花直径3-5厘米；花梗细长；花萼基部四棱形，萼片革质，宽披针形或窄卵形，长2-3.5厘米，宿存；花瓣白色，宽披针形、长圆形或倒卵形，长2-2.5厘米，内轮不变成雄蕊；雄蕊比花瓣短，花药条形，长3-5毫米；柱头具5-8辐射线。浆果球形，直径2-2.5厘米，为宿存萼片包裹；种子椭圆形，长2-3毫米，黑色。花期6-8月，果期8-10月。
  在我国广泛分布。生在池沼中。苏联、朝鲜、日本、印度、越南、美国均有。
  根状茎含淀粉，供食用或酿酒。全草可作绿肥。
  H. Leveille 和 E. Vaniot 根据 Esquirol 415 在贵州采的标本, 发表新种 Nymphaea esquirolii Levl. et Vant. in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 350. 1907; Levl. Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 291. 1915; Lauener in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 24: 75. 1962. 原始描写极为简单，很难确定其能否成立。据 E. A. Lauener 记载，这种和睡莲极相近，但叶片下面不带红色，裂片所成角度更钝，和后者稍不同。暂记于此以待考证。
形态特征：多年生水生草本；根状茎短粗，直立。叶漂浮，心脏状卵形或卵状椭圆形，长5-12厘米，宽3.5-9厘米，基部具深湾缺，上面光亮，下面带红色或紫色，，无毛；叶柄细长。花单生在花梗顶端，直径3-5厘米，漂浮于水面；萼片4；花瓣8-15，白色，内轮几乎不变形成雄蕊雄蕊较花瓣短，花药内向；子房半下位，5-8室，柱头5-8，放射状排列。浆果球形，直径2-2.5厘米，为宿存萼片包囊；种子多数，椭圆形，有肉质囊状追赶种皮。
分布：全国
生境：池沼中
繁殖方式：分蔸
习性：阳生
药用部位：茎
药用功能：清热止血、补脾止泻、养心益肾
药用主治：清热止血、补脾止泻、养心益肾

《Flora of China》 Vol. 6 (2001)
Nymphaea tetragona Georgi
睡莲 shui lian
Rhizomes erect, unbranched. Leaf blade cordate-ovate to ovate-elliptic, 5--12 × 3.5--9 cm, papery, abaxially glabrous, scarcely peltate, base deeply cordate and basal lobes parallel to contiguous, margin entire. Flower floating, 3--6 cm in diam. Calyx insertion on receptacle prominently tetragonous; sepals broadly lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 2--3.5 cm, obscurely veined, persistent. Petals 8--15(--17), white, broadly lanceolate, oblong, or obovate, 2--2.5 cm, transition to stamens gradual. Filament of inner stamens wider than anther, connective apically unappendaged. Carpels completely united, walls between locules of ovary single. Stigma rays 5--8(--10); carpellary appendages ovate. Fruit globose, 2--2.5 cm in diam. Seeds ellipsoid, 2--3(--4) mm, smooth. Fl. Jun--Aug. 2n = 112.
Ponds, lakes; near sea level to 4000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Korea, Russia, Vietnam; North America, Europe].
The treatment of this species in E Asia is problematic. In North America and Europe Nymphaea tetragona is restricted to boreal regions above 50° N latitude, where the plants have a prominently tetragonous receptacle, flowers with a reddish to purplish center, and thinner leaves abaxially with raised veins. Plants in Korea, N Japan, and Russia, as depicted in Lee (Fl. Korea, 216. 1997) and Kadono (Aquatic Pl. Japan, 112. 1994), and observed on specimens, have these characteristics. Plants of N China and the Himalayas may belong here also, but to determine this will require further study of better material. However, plants of tropical and warm temperate China, Japan, and Vietnam appear to differ in having an only slightly tetragonous receptacle, flowers with a yellow center, and thicker leaves abaxially with impressed veins. Such plants are sometimes known in cultivation in Europe and North America as N. tetragona var. angusta Caspary, but were originally sent in 1805 by William Kerr from Guangdong Province and described under the name of Castalia pygmaea Salisbury ( N. pygmaea (Salisbury) W. T. Aiton). Further study may indicate that much of the Chinese and Japanese material should be segregated as N. pygmaea or at some other rank. One might expect hybridization between the two taxa to occur where they coexist, as with other related Nymphaea, and the level of sterility displayed by such hybrids should be examined as evidence of the degree of their relationship.

An examination of the type of Nymphaea esquirolii H. Léveillé & Vaniot from Guizhou Province indicates that it belongs with N. pygmaea . The assignment of N. crassifolia (Handel-Mazzetti) Nakai ( Castalia crassifolia Handel-Mazzetti; N. tetragona var. crassifolia (Handel-Mazzetti) Chu) to one of these two forms is unknown, as the type has not been examined. Nymphaea acutiloba de Candolle is of uncertain identity and lacks a type specimen. Although referred by Conard (Proc. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 4:170. 1905) to N. tetragona, the description cannot apply to this taxon and more closely matches N. nouchali or N. lotus .

《中国辞典》:睡莲

【出处】《纲目拾遗》
【拼音名】 Shuì Lián
【别名】睡莲菜、瑞莲（《岭南杂记》），子午莲（《纲目拾遗》），茈碧花（《植物名实图考》）。
【来源】为睡莲科植物睡莲的花。夏季采收。
【原形态】多年生水生草本，根茎具线状黑毛。叶丛生浮于水面；圆心脏形或肾圆形，长5～12厘米，宽3.5～9厘米，先端圆钝；基部的心耳尖锐或钝圆，全缘；上面绿色，幼时有红褐色斑，下面带红色或暗紫色；叶柄细长。花浮于水面，直径4～5厘米，白色，午刻开花，午后五时收敛；花萼的基部呈四方形，萼片4；花瓣8～17，多层；雄蕊多数，3～4层，花药黄色；柱头的辐射4～8数，广卵形，呈茶匙状。浆果球形，松软，有多数细小种子。花期夏季。
【生境分布】生长于池沼湖泊中。全国大部分地区均有分布。
【化学成份】根和叶含氨基酸及生物碱。
【药理作用】同属植物白睡莲全植物的水提取物对垂体后叶素所致实验性高血压的犬和兔，有明显的降压作用，而毒性则颇低。
【功能主治】 ①《岭南杂记》："消暑解酲。"
②《纲目拾遗》："治小儿急慢惊风，用七朵或十四朵，煎汤服。"
【摘录】《中国辞典》