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不同筋型小麦干物质和氮素积累对追施氮量的响应

来源：花匠小妙招时间：2024-12-23 21:38

摘要:

目的

研究不同筋型小麦干物质和氮素积累对追施氮量的响应，揭示其干物质积累特征，为资源高效利用提供科学参考。

方法

田间试验于2016—2017年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所北京试验基地进行，供试品种为强筋小麦‘藁优2018’和‘师栾02-1’，中筋小麦‘中麦8号’和‘中麦175’，弱筋小麦‘扬麦22’和‘扬麦15’。在基施纯氮105 kg/hm2的基础上，设N 75、105和135 kg/hm2 3个追氮量处理，于拔节期追施。调查分析了小麦花前、花后干物质和氮素的积累与分配，产量及其构成因素。

结果

随着追氮量增加，开花期各筋型小麦干物质积累量均呈增加趋势，但各器官干物质分配比例的变化在不同筋型小麦间不完全相同，其中强筋小麦叶片占比升高，穗占比降低；中筋和弱筋小麦茎秆占比升高，叶片占比降低，穗则先升后降。提高追氮量对成熟期小麦干物质积累的影响主要表现为显著提高了颖壳+穗轴的比例，其他器官占比变化较小，但各器官干物质积累量总体呈增加趋势。随追氮量增加，成熟期各类型小麦营养器官和籽粒氮素积累量、营养器官氮素向籽粒中的转移量呈增加趋势，中筋小麦营养器官花前氮素转运率及贡献率显著降低，强筋和弱筋小麦营养器官花前氮素贡献率逐渐提高；中筋小麦花后氮素转运量显著提高，弱筋小麦花后氮素贡献率则显著降低。增加追氮量可显著提高弱筋小麦穗数、强筋小麦穗粒数、强筋和中筋小麦千粒重；不同筋型小麦产量虽有提高，但差异不显著。

结论

在本试验条件下，强筋小麦干物质积累与分配、氮素积累与转运以追施N 105 kg/hm2为宜，可以保证较高的穗粒数和千粒重，稳定产量。中筋小麦在追施N 135 kg/hm2时，可以显著提高干物质积累、氮素吸收转运及千粒重，保证较高产量。弱筋小麦在追施N 135 kg/hm2时，可以促进植株干物质积累、花前氮素积累与转运，提高对籽粒氮素的贡献率，通过提高成穗数实现产量提升。

Abstract:

Objectives

The response of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation of wheats having various gluten contents to nitrogen topdressing was studied.

Methods

The experiment was carried out in Beijing Experimental Base, Institute of Crop Sciences at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences between 2016 and 2017. The tested cultivars were high gluten wheats Gaoyou 2018 and Shiluan 02-1, medium gluten cultivars Zhongmai 8 and Zhongmai 175, and low gluten cultivars Yangmai 22 and Yangmai 15. The three topdressing N rates were 75 kg/hm2, 105 kg/hm2 and 135 kg/hm2 at jointing stage, on the basis of basal application of N 105 kg/hm2 and P 135 kg/hm2. The dry matter and N accumulation before and after anthesis, and the translocation and contribution rate of stored N were investigated. The yield and yield components were also determined.

Results

With the increase in topdressing N rate, the dry matter accumulation of different gluten wheats at flowering stage was increased, but its proportion varied in the vegetative parts. The leaf dry matter in high gluten wheat increased and that in ear decreased; the stem dry matter in medium and low gluten wheats increased, while those in leaves decreased. At maturing stage, increased topdressing N rate significantly increased the dry matter proportion in glume and rachis. The accumulation of N in vegetative organs and grains, whereas the transfer of N from vegetative organs to grains of all types of wheat were increased at maturity. The pre-anthesis N transport rate and contribution rate of vegetative organs of medium gluten wheat were decreased significantly, while the contribution rate of pre-anthesis nitrogen in vegetative organs of high and low gluten wheats were increased gradually. The amount of nitrogen transport after anthesis in medium gluten wheat was increased significantly, while the contribution rate of nitrogen after anthesis of low gluten wheat was decreased significantly. The spike number per spike of low gluten wheat, grain number of high gluten wheat and 1000-grain weight of high and medium gluten wheats were significantly increased by increasing rate of N topdressing. Although the yield of wheat with different gluten types were increased, the difference was not significant.

Conclusions

Under the experimental conditions, N 105 kg/hm2 topdressing improved dry matter accumulation and distribution, nitrogen accumulation and transportation of high gluten wheat, which attributed to higher grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight, and stabilize yield. N 135 kg/hm2 topdressing significantly improved dry matter and N accumulation and transportation, and yield in moderate gluten wheat. The application of N 135 kg/hm2 in low gluten wheat promoted dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation and translocation before flowering, increased the contribution rate to grain nitrogen, and increased yield by increasing the number of spikes.

表 1 不同追氮量下开花期小麦不同部位的干物质积累量与分配比例

Table 1 Dry matter accumulation amount and distribution in different parts of wheat at flowering stage under different N topdressing rates

处理
Treatment茎秆 Stem叶片 Leaf穗 Ear总干物质
Total dry matter
(kg/hm2)积累
Accumulation
(kg/hm2)分配
Distribution
(%)积累
Accumulation
(kg/hm2)分配
Distribution
(%)积累
Accumulation
(kg/hm2)分配
Distribution
(%) 强筋
Strong glutenN759037 b56.4 a3155 cd19.8 d3809 a23.8 a16001 cN1059525 ab56.6 a3785 b22.7 c3512 b20.7 c16821 bN1359762 a56.1 ab4038 a23.4 c3574 b20.4 c17374 a中筋
Medium glutenN756037 d51.1 c3265 c27.6 a2519 e21.3 c11822 fN1056112 d51.4 c3023 d25.5 b2764 d23.1 a11899 fN1357517 c54.0 b3604 b25.8 b2809 d20.1 c13929 d弱筋
Weak glutenN753650 f51.3 c1932 f27.2 ab1525 g21.5 bc7107 hN1054604 e49.6 c2467 e26.6 ab2196 f23.8 a9268 gN1357185 c55.0 ab2922 d22.3 c2985 c22.7 ab13092 e平均值
Average强筋
Strong gluten9441 a56.4 a3659 a22.0 c3632 a21.7 b16732 a中筋
Medium gluten6556 b56.2 b3297 b26.3 a2697 b21.5 b12550 b弱筋
Weak gluten5147 b52.0 b2440 c25.4 b2235 b22.7 a9822 cN756241 c52.9 b2784 c24.9 a2618 c22.2 a11643 cN1056747 b52.5 b3092 b24.9 a2824 b22.6 a12663 bN1358155 a55.1 a3521 a23.8 b3122 a21.1 b14799 a 注：同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)。
Note: Values followed by different small letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments (P<0.05).

表 2 不同追氮量下成熟期小麦不同部位的干物质积累量与分配比例

Table 2 Dry matter accumulation amount and distribution in different parts of wheat at maturity stage under different N topdressing rates

处理
Treatment茎秆 Stem叶片 Leaf颖壳+穗轴 Glume+cob 籽粒 Grain总干物质
Total dry matter
(kg/hm2)积累
Accumulation
(kg/hm2)分配
Distribution
(%)积累
Accumulation
(kg/hm2)分配
Distribution
(%)积累
Accumulation
(kg/hm2)分配
Distribution
(%) 积累
Accumulation
(kg/hm2) 分配
Distribution
(%) 强筋
Strong glutenN758009 b37.8 a1394 ab6.6 bc1892 d8.9 d9929 b46.8 a21224 bN1058234 a36.8 ab1319 ab5.8 c2502 c11.0 c10475 a46.5 a22530 aN1358183 a36.3 ab1555 a6.8 abc2427 c10.7 c10804 a47.0 a22969 a中筋
Medium glutenN756795 d35.8 b1411 ab7.4 ab1960 d10.3 c8523 c45.6 ab18689 cN1056775 d35.9 b1482 a7.9 ab2062 d11.0 c8834 c46.1 ab19153 cN1357071 c34.3 c1573 a7.3 ab3381 a15.7 a9576 b44.3 b21601 b弱筋
Weak glutenN754855 g36.9 ab1054 c8.1 a1850 d14.1 b5352 f40.8 c13111 fN1055380 f36.2 ab1188 bc8.0 a2333 c15.6 a5985 e40.2 c14886 eN1356101 e35.7 bc1375 ab8.0 a2809 b16.1 a6952 d40.4 c17237 d平均值
Average强筋
Strong gluten8142 a37.0 a1423 a6.4 b2273 b10.2 c10403 a46.8 a22241 a中筋
Medium gluten6881 b35.4 b1489 a7.5 a2468 a12.3 b8978 b45.3 b19816 b弱筋
Weak gluten5445 c36.3 a1206 b8.0 a2331 b15.3 a6097 c40.5 c15079 cN756553 c36.8 a1286 b7.3 a1901 c11.1 c7935 c44.4 a17675 cN1056796 b36.3 a1330 b7.2 a2299 b12.5 b8432 b44.3 a18857 bN1357119 a35.4 b1501 a7.4 a2872 a14.2 a9111 a43.9 a20603 a 注：同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)。
Note: Values followed by different small letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments (P<0.05).

表 3 不同追施氮量下不同筋型小麦营养器官氮素积累量、转运率和对籽粒的贡献率

Table 3 Accumulation, translocation, and contribution to yield of stored N in vegetative organs of wheat as affected by nitrogen topdressing rate and cultivar

处理

Treatment

氮素积累量 NAA (kg/hm2)花前 Before anthesis花后 After anthesis开花期
Anthesis成熟期
Maturity籽粒
GrainNTA
(kg/hm2)NTE
(%)NCR
(%)NTA
(kg/hm2)NCR
(%) 强筋 Strong glutenN75246.5 c87.0 c269.5 c159.5 c64.7 a59.2 bc110.0 ab40.8 abN105290.6 b100.9 b291.4 b189.7 b65.3 a65.1 b101.7 abc34.9 bN135303.5 a103.7 b309.9 a199.8 a65.8 a64.5 b110.1 ab35.5 b中筋 Medium glutenN75199.2 d70.0 e215.3 e129.2 e64.9 a60.0 bc86.1 c40.0 abN105200.1 d80.4 d213.7 e119.7 f59.8 b56.1 c94.0 bc43.9 aN135246.2 c106.4 b254.6 d139.8 d56.8 c55.2 c114.8 a44.8 a弱筋 Weak glutenN75129.8 f61.9 f120.7 h68.0 h52.4 d56.4 c52.8 d43.6 aN105175.6 e85.9 c146.8 g89.6 g51.1 d61.1 bc57.1 d38.9 abN135247.1 c116.9 a182.2 f130.1 e52.7 d71.5 a52.0 d28.5 c平均值 Average强筋
Strong gluten280.2 a97.2 a290.2 a183.0 a65.3 a62.9 a107.3 a37.1 b中筋
Medium gluten215.2 c85.6 b227.9 b129.6 b60.5 b57.1 b98.3 b42.9 a弱筋
Weak gluten184.2 b88.3 b149.9 c95.9 c52.0 c63.0 a54.0 c37.0 bN75191.9 c73.0 c201.8 c118.9 c60.6 a58.5 b82.9 a41.5 aN105222.1 b89.1 b217.3 b133.0 b58.7 b60.8 ab84.3 a39.2 abN135265.6 a109.0 a248.9 a156.6 a58.4 b63.7 a92.3 a36.3 b 注：NTA—贮存氮素转运量；NTE—贮存氮素转运率；NCR—贮存氮素贡献率。同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)。
Note: NAA—Nitrogen accumulation amount; NTA—Translocated amount of stored N; NTE—Translocated efficiency of stored N; NCR—Contribution rate to grain of the stored N. Values followed by different small letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments (P<0.05).

表 4 不同追氮量下小麦产量及其构成因素

Table 4 Effects of different treatments on wheat yield and its components under different N topdressing rates

处理
Treatment籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg/hm2)穗数
Ears
(×104/hm2)穗粒数
Grain number
per spike千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g) 强筋 Strong glutenN757758 a697 a29.3 c38.5 dN1058051 a723 a31.3 bc39.2 cdN1358151 a723 a32.7 b40.3 b中筋 Medium glutenN757755 a620 b31.8 bc40.0 bcN1058048 a610 b32.6 b40.6 bN1358310 a627 b33.7 b41.8 a弱筋 Weak glutenN756559 b438 e37.6 a40.0 bcN1056816 b469 d40.0 a40.5 bN1356968 b510 c40.5 a40.9 b平均值 Average强筋
Strong gluten7986 a714 a31.1 b39.3 b中筋
Medium gluten8038 a619 b32.7 b40.8 a弱筋
Weak gluten6781 b472 c39.4 a40.5 aN757357 b585 c32.9 b39.5 cN1057638 ab601 b34.7 a40.1 bN1357809 a620 a35.6 a41.0 a 注：同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)。
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